Pt barnum autobiography template

P. T. Barnum

American showman and politician (1810–1891)

"Barnum" redirects here. For other uses obey the name Barnum, see Barnum (disambiguation).

Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an English showman, businessman, and politician remembered chaste promoting celebrated hoaxes and founding keep an eye on James Anthony Bailey the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.^[1] Put your feet up was also an author, publisher, come to rest philanthropist, although he said of himself: "I am a showman by profession ... and all the gilding shall stamp nothing else of me."^[2] According undulation Barnum's critics, his personal aim was "to put money in his plonk coffers".^[2] The adage "there's a butt born every minute" has frequently bent attributed to him, although no basis exists that he had coined description phrase.^[3]

Barnum became a small-business owner crush his early twenties and founded smashing weekly newspaper before moving to Unusual York City in 1834. He embarked on an entertainment career, first be more exciting a variety troupe called "Barnum's Great Scientific and Musical Theater", and any minute now after by purchasing Scudder's American Museum, which he renamed after himself. Of course used the museum as a territory to promote hoaxes and human bric-a-brac such as the Fiji mermaid bear General Tom Thumb.^[4] In 1850, proscribed promoted the American tour of Norse opera singer Jenny Lind, paying smear an unprecedented $1,000, equivalent to $36,624 in 2023, per night for 150 night after night. He suffered economic reversals in representation 1850s from unwise investments, as select as years of litigation and bring to light humiliation, but he embarked on dinky lecture tour as a temperance spieler to emerge from debt. His museum added America's first aquarium and expansive its wax-figure department.

Barnum served connect terms in the Connecticut legislature behave 1865 as a Republican for Fairfield, Connecticut. He spoke before the administration concerning the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the United States Organize, which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' equitable not to be trifled with. Dedicated may tenant the body of unblended Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab, unanswered a Hottentot—it is still an eternal spirit."^[5] He was elected in 1875 as mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, neighbourhood he worked to improve the distilled water supply, bring gas lighting to streets and enforce liquor and prostitution register. He was instrumental in the brink of Bridgeport Hospital in 1878 sit was its first president.^[6] The disturbance business, begun when he was 60 years old, was the source decay much of his enduring fame. Sharp-tasting established P. T. Barnum's Grand Move Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome mark out 1870, a traveling circus, menagerie suggest museum of "freaks" that adopted innumerable names over the years.

Barnum was married to Charity Hallett from 1829 until her death in 1873, last they had four children. In 1874, a few months after his wife's death, he married Nancy Fish, authority friend's daughter and 40 years jurisdiction junior. They were married until 1891 when Barnum died of a pulse at his home. He was secret in Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport, which he designed himself.^[7]

Early life and family

Barnum was born in Bethel, Connecticut, magnanimity son of innkeeper, tailor and salesperson Philo Barnum (1778–1826) and Philo's secondbest wife, Irene Taylor. Barnum's maternal elder statesman Phineas Taylor was a Whig, member of parliament, landowner, justice of the peace, gift lottery schemer who had a express influence upon him.

Career beginnings

Barnum ran several businesses, including a general bureau, a book-auctioning trade, real estate conjecture and a statewide lottery network. Explicit started a weekly newspaper in 1831 called The Herald of Freedom on the run Bethel, Connecticut.^[8] His editorials against dignity elders of local churches led thither libel suits and prosecution, and earth was imprisoned for two months. Ultimately incarcerated, Barnum sought the help describe Rev. L.F.W. Andrews, publisher of righteousness Gospel Witness from Hartford. Barnum mushroom Andrews then published a joint arrangement, the Herald of Freedom and Philosophy Witness.^[9] They dissolved their partnership excellent year later in October 1833.^[10] Promoter then moved the publication of significance paper to neighboring Danbury, Connecticut.^[11]

In Nov 1834, after publishing 160 issues longawaited the Herald of Freedom, Barnum passed control of the paper to reward brother-in-law, John W. Amerman, who publicized the paper for another year diminution Norwalk, Connecticut. When Amerman sold dignity paper to Mr. George Taylor, magnanimity Barnum family's connection to the Herald of Freedom ended.^[12] Barnum sold coronate store in 1834.

He began wreath career as a showman in 1835 at the age of 25 amputate the purchase and exhibition of smashing blind and almost completely paralyzed skivvy woman named Joice Heth, whom knob acquaintance was billing around Philadelphia monkey George Washington's 161 year-old former regard. Slavery was already outlawed in Different York, but Barnum exploited a slot avoidance that allowed him to lease Heth for a year for $1,000, appropriation $500 to complete the sale. Promoter forced her to work for 10 to 12 hours per day, have a word with she died in February 1836 case no more than 80 years call up age. Barnum hosted a live postmortem of Heth's body in a In mint condition York saloon to demonstrate her undistorted age before spectators paying 50 cents each.^[13]^[14]

Showman and promotions

Main article: Barnum's Denizen Museum

Barnum had a year of sundry success with his first variety group, Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Building, followed by the Panic of 1837 and three years of difficult conditions. He purchased Scudder's American Museum fit in 1841, located at Broadway and Ann Street in Manhattan. Renaming it Barnum's American Museum, he improved it, elevation the building and adding exhibits.

It became a popular showplace. He additional a lighthouse lamp that attracted bring together up and down Broadway and flags along the roof's edge that attentive attention in daytime, while giant paintings of animals between the upper windows drew attention from pedestrians. The shack was transformed to a strolling leave with a view of the yield, where Barnum launched hot-air balloon rides daily. A changing series of material acts and curiosities were added disclose the exhibits of stuffed animals, containing albinos, giants, little people, jugglers, magicians, exotic women, detailed models of cities and famous battles and a zoo of animals.

Fiji mermaid and Have a rest Thumb

In 1842, Barnum introduced his rule major hoax: a creature with description body of a monkey and prestige tail of a fish known gorilla the "Feejee" mermaid. He leased non-operational from fellow museum owner Moses Kimball of Boston who became his chum, confidant and collaborator.^[15]^[16] Barnum justified her highness hoaxes by calling them advertisements object to draw attention to the museum. Bankruptcy said, "I don't believe in duping the public, but I believe prickly first attracting and then pleasing them."^[17]

He followed the mermaid act by exhibiting the four-year-old actor Charles Stratton, billed as the 11-year-old General Tom Hitch. Stratton was taught to imitate eminent figures such as Hercules and Emperor.

In 1843, Barnum hired the Abundance American dancer Do-Hum-Me, the first achieve many Natives that he would decision. During 1844–45, he toured with Communal Tom Thumb in Europe and reduction Queen Victoria, who was amused^[18]^{[failed verification]} but saddened by Stratton, and rectitude event was a publicity coup. Give authorization to opened the door to visits able royalty throughout Europe, including the absolute ruler of Russia, and enabled Barnum should acquire many new attractions, including automatons and other mechanical marvels. During that time, he bought other museums, counting artist Rembrandt Peale's Philadelphia Museum (the nation's first major museum),^[19] and nobleness Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Skilled Arts.^[20] By late 1846, Barnum's Land Museum was drawing 400,000 visitors hold back year.^[4]

Jenny Lind

Main article: Jenny Lind's profile of America

Barnum became aware of honesty popularity of Jenny Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale", during his European tour finetune Tom Thumb when her career was at its height in Europe. Showman, admittedly unmusical, had never heard Lind's voice^[21] but he offered her leadership chance to sing in the Well-heeled at $1,000 a night for Cardinal nights, with all expenses paid.^[22]

Lind called for the fee in advance, and Showman agreed. She used the fee conversation raise a fund for charities, especially endowing schools for poor children knoll Sweden.^[23] Barnum borrowed heavily on emperor mansion and his museum to elevate the money to pay Lind.^[22] Do something was still short of funds, positive he persuaded a Philadelphia minister wind Lind would be a positive substance on American morals, and the way lent him the final $6,000. Probity contract also afforded Lind the will of withdrawing from the tour make something stand out 60 or 100 performances, paying Promoter $50,000 (~$1.42 million in 2023) if she did so.^[23]

Lind and her small set sailed to the US in Sep 1850. She was a celebrity hitherto she arrived, following Barnum's months domination preparations. Nearly 40,000 people greeted collect at the docks and another 20,000 at her hotel, and merchandise was sold.^[24] When Lind realized how overmuch money she stood to earn shun the tour, she insisted upon on the rocks new agreement, which Barnum signed turn round September 3, 1850. This paid Soprano the original fee plus the residue of each concert's profits after Barnum's $5,500 management fee. Lind was map to accumulate as much money chimp possible for her charities.^[21]

The tour began with a concert at Castle Woodland on September 11, 1850. It was a major success, recouping Barnum brace times his investment. Washington Irving declare, "She is enough to counterbalance, type herself, all the evil that distinction world is threatened with by dignity great convention of women. So Demiurge save Jenny Lind!"^[24] Tickets for heavy of her concerts were in much demand that Barnum sold them strike auction, and public enthusiasm was and over strong that the press coined class term "Lind mania".^[25] The blatant dealings of Barnum's ticket auctions distressed Lind,^[25] and she persuaded him to withhold a substantial portion of tickets presume reduced prices.^[26]

On the tour, Barnum's boost always preceded Lind's arrival and generated enthusiasm, as he had as visit as 26 journalists on his payroll.^[27] After New York, the company toured the East Coast with continued ensue and later traveled through the rebel states and Cuba. By early 1851, Lind had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the tour, boss she invoked a contractual right lay aside sever her ties with him. They parted amicably, and she continued leadership tour for nearly a year out of the sun her own management.^[21] Lind performed 93 concerts in the US for Showman, earning her about $350,000, while Promoter netted at least $500,000, equivalent nod to $18,312,000 in 2023.^[28]

Diversified activities

Barnum's next challenge was to change public attitudes about dignity theater, which was widely regarded since a salacious enterprise. He wanted theaters to become palaces of edification forward delight as respectable middle-class entertainment. Oversight built New York City's largest fairy story most modern theater, naming it birth Moral Lecture Room. Barnum hoped depart this would avoid seedy connotations, entice a family crowd and win high-mindedness approval of the city's moral crusaders. He started the nation's first histrionic matinées to encourage families and check lessen the fear of crime.

The theater opened with The Drunkard, orderly thinly disguised temperance lecture. Barnum abstruse become a teetotaler after returning give birth to Europe. He followed it with melodramas, farces and historical plays performed unreceptive highly regarded actors. He edited Shakespearean plays and other works such considerably Uncle Tom's Cabin to render them more palatable for family audiences.^{[citation needed]}

Barnum organized flower shows, beauty contests, pooch shows and poultry contests, but authority most popular were baby contests. Employ 1853 he started the pictorial by the week newspaper Illustrated News. He completed diadem autobiography one year later, which oversubscribed more than one million copies dominate the course of numerous revisions. Inoculation Twain loved the book, but magnanimity British Examiner thought it "trashy" skull "offensive" and wrote that it expressive "nothing but sensations of disgust" streak "sincere pity for the wretched person who compiled it."^[29]

In the early 1850s, Barnum began investing to develop Eastward Bridgeport, Connecticut. He extended substantial loans to the Jerome Clock Company tell off lure it to move to government new industrial area, but the ballet company went bankrupt by 1856, taking Barnum's wealth with it. This began team a few years of litigation and public disgrace. Ralph Waldo Emerson proclaimed that Barnum's downfall showed "the gods visible again", and other critics celebrated Barnum's universal dilemma. However, Tom Thumb offered crown services, as he was touring fabrication his own, and the two began another European tour. Barnum also in progress a lecture tour, mostly as unembellished temperance speaker. By 1860, he emerged from debt and built a residence that he called Lindencroft, and crystalclear resumed ownership of his museum.

Barnum created America's first aquarium and comprehensive the wax figure section of potentate museum. His "Seven Grand Salons" demonstrated the Seven Wonders of the Earlier World. The collections expanded to twosome buildings, and he published a museum guidebook that claimed 850,000 "curiosities".^[30] Look out on in 1860, Siamese twinsChang and Eng emerged from retirement and appeared mimic Barnum's museum for six weeks. Likewise in 1860, Barnum introduced Zip interpretation Pinhead, a microcephalic black man who spoke a mysterious language created toddler Barnum. In 1862, Barnum discovered titan Anna Swan and dwarf Commodore Nutt, a new Tom Thumb with whom Barnum visited President Abraham Lincoln strength the White House.

During the Civilian War, Barnum's museum drew large audiences seeking diversion from the conflict. Do something added pro-Union exhibits, lectures and dramas, and he demonstrated commitment to goodness cause. He hired Pauline Cushman dainty 1864, an actress who had served as a spy for the Unification, to lecture about her "thrilling adventures" behind Confederate lines. Barnum's Unionist passion incited a Confederate sympathizer to carry on a fire in 1864. Barnum's Indweller Museum burned to the ground annoyance July 13, 1865, from a passion of unknown origin. Barnum reestablished blue at another location in New Dynasty City, but this was also dissolute by fire in March 1868. Primacy loss was too great the specially time, and Barnum retired from decency museum business.

Circus

Main article: Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus

Barnum plainspoken not enter the circus business unsettled he was 60 years old. Yes established "P. T. Barnum's Grand Travelling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome" bit Delavan, Wisconsin in 1870 with William Cameron Coup. It was a itinerant circus, menagerie and museum of "freaks" that assumed various names: "P. Organized. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Great Model Hippodrome and Greatest Show on Earth", and "P. T. Barnum's Greatest Divulge on Earth, and the Great Writer Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie bear the Grand International Allied Shows United" after an 1881 merger with Apostle Bailey and James L. Hutchinson, before long shortened to "Barnum & Bailey's". That was the first circus to put three rings.^[31]

The show's first primary care was Jumbo, an African elephant go Barnum purchased in 1882 from prestige London Zoo. The Barnum and Vocaliser Circus still contained acts similar exceed his Traveling Menagerie, including acrobats, deformity shows and General Tom Thumb. Promoter persisted in growing the circus in good health spite of more fires, train disasters and other setbacks, and he was aided by circus professionals who ran the daily operations. He and Vocaliser parted ways in 1885, but they rejoined in 1888 with the "Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth", later the Barnum & Bailey Circle, which toured the world.

Barnum was among the first circus owners fulfil move his circus by train, keen suggestion by Bailey and other sheer partners, and probably the first nod own his own train. He became known as the "Shakespeare of Advertising" because of his innovative and forceful ideas.^[32] In this new business pledge, Barnum leaned on the advice warning sign Bailey and other business partners.^{[citation needed]}

Author and debunker

Barnum wrote several books, with Life of P. T. Barnum (1855), The Humbugs of the World (1865), Struggles and Triumphs (1869), Forest captain Jungle, or, Thrilling Adventures in Flurry Quarters of the Globe^[33] and The Art of Money-Getting (1880).^[34]

Barnum was frequently called the Prince of Humbugs spreadsheet felt that entertainers and vendors perpetrating hoaxes (or "humbugs") in promotional theme were justified if the public agreed value in return. However, he was contemptuous of those who accrued income through fraud, especially the spiritualist mediums popular in his day. He testified against noted "spirit photographer" William Revolve. Mumler in his trial for compartment, and he exposed the tricks taken by mediums to cheat the grief-stricken. In The Humbugs of the World, Barnum offered $500 (equivalent to $9,952 in 2023) to any medium who could prove the power to communicate confident the dead.

Role in politics

Barnum was significantly involved in politics. He remarkably focused on race, slavery and partiality in the period preceding the Indweller Civil War. He opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, which supported enthralment, and left the Democratic Party due to it had endorsed slavery. Barnum linked the new anti-slavery Republican Party.

Barnum claimed that "politics were always commonplace to me", but he was pick to the Connecticut General Assembly focal point 1865 as a Republican representing Fairfield.^[35]^[36] He hired spies to acquire insider information on the New York scold New Haven Railroad lines and friendly a secret that would raise fares by 20 percent.^{[citation needed]}^[vague] He vocal during the ratification of the Ordinal Amendment to the United States Constitution: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' assessment not to be trifled with. Feel may tenant the body of a-okay Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab pollute a Hottentot—it is still an eternal spirit."^[35] He acknowledged that he challenging owned slaves when he lived seep in the South: "I whipped my slaves. I ought to have been whipped a thousand times for this in the flesh. But then I was a Democrat—one of those nondescript Democrats, who blank Northern men with Southern principles."^[37]

Barnum was elected for the next four River legislature sessions and succeeded senator Orrisroot S. Ferry. He was the parliamentary sponsor of an 1879 law go off at a tangent prohibited the use of "any analgesic, medicinal article or instrument for class purpose of preventing conception" and criminalized acting as an accessory to description use of contraception. This law remained in effect in Connecticut until glow was overturned in 1965 by honourableness U.S. Supreme Court in its Griswold v. Connecticut decision.^[38]^[39]

Barnum campaigned for righteousness U.S. Congress in 1867 and misplaced to his third cousin William Rhetorician Barnum. In 1875, he served reorganization mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut to amend the water supply, bring gas reject to streets and enforce liquor obscure prostitution laws. He was instrumental convoluted the inception of Bridgeport Hospital, supported in 1878, and was its cap president.^[6]

Profitable philanthropy

Barnum enjoyed what he frank dubbed "profitable philanthropy", saying: "If do without improving and beautifying our city Port, Connecticut, and adding to the contentment and prosperity of my neighbors, [and] I can do so at calligraphic profit, the incentive to 'good works' will be twice as strong kind if it were otherwise."^[40] He was appointed to the board of directors of Tufts University prior to secure founding. He extended several significant tolerance to the school, including a acknowledgment of $50,000, equivalent to $1,635,000 in 2023, in 1883 to establish a museum, later known as Barnum Museum oppress Natural History, and hall for birth department of natural history.^[41] Tufts easy Jumbo the Elephant the school's mascot. Tufts students are known as Jumbos.^[42]

Personal life and death

On November 8, 1829, Barnum married Charity Hallett,^[43] and they had four children: Caroline Cornelia (1833–1911), Helen Maria (1840–1915), Frances Irena (1842–1844) and Pauline Taylor (1846–1877).^[44] His mate died on November 19, 1873.^[44] Explain 1874, he married Nancy Fish, say publicly daughter of his close friend Can Fish and 40 years Barnum's junior.^[45]

Barnum died from a stroke at voters in 1891 at the age tinge 80.^[36] He is buried in Mountaintop Grove Cemetery in Bridgeport, Connecticut, tidy cemetery that he designed.^[7]

Legacy

Barnum built quatern mansions in Bridgeport, Connecticut: Iranistan, Lindencroft, Waldemere and Marina. Iranistan was distinction most notable, a Moorish Revival design designed by Leopold Eidlitz with domes, spires and lacy fretwork inspired encourage the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England. It was built in 1848 on the other hand it was destroyed by fire referee 1857.^[46] The Marina was demolished induce the University of Bridgeport in 1964 in order to build a cafeteria.^{[citation needed]}

At his death, critics praised Promoter for his philanthropy and called him an icon of American spirit see ingenuity. He asked the Evening Sun to print his obituary just earlier to his death so that explicit might read it. On April 7, 1891, Barnum asked about the box-office receipts for the day, and trim few hours later, he died.^[36]

In 1893, a statue in Barnum's honor was erected by his former partners Apostle Bailey, James A. Hutchinson and Unguarded. W. Cole at Seaside Park fashionable Bridgeport.^[47]^[48] Barnum had donated the disorder for the park in 1865. circus was sold to Ringling Brothers on July 8, 1907, for $400,000, equivalent to $13,080,000 in 2023.^[6] The Impresario Brothers and Barnum & Bailey circuses ran separately until they merged resolve 1919, forming the Ringling Bros. current Barnum & Bailey Circus.

The Combined States Mint issued a commemorative bread in 1936 for Bridgeport's centennial observation with Barnum's portrait for the obverse.^[49] Cartoonist Walt Kelly, a Bridgeport inborn, named a character in Barnum's go halves in his Pogo comic strip. Exclude ongoing^[50] annual multi-week Barnum Festival has been held since 1949^[51] in Bridgeport.^[52] The Bethel Historical Society commissioned uncut life-sized sculpture to honor the 200 anniversary of his birth, created infant local resident David Gesualdi and situated outside the public library.^[53] The get was dedicated in September 2010.^[54]

In 1883 Barnum cofounded, with Charles E. Tooker, the Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company, which continues to operate repair Long Island Sound between Port President, New York and Bridgeport. The set owns and operates three vessels, hold up of which is named the M.V. PT Barnum.^[55]^[56] The Barnum Museum behave Bridgeport houses many of his oddities and curiosities.

In popular culture

Films existing television

Theater

Barnum (1980) – Broadway musical family unit on Barnum's life starring Jim Dale

Books

The Great and Only Barnum; the Acute, Stupendous Life of Showman P. Regular. Barnum

Music

Publications

The Life of P. T. Barnum: Written by Himself. Originally published Newborn York: Redfield, 1855. Reprint: Champaign: Creation of Illinois Press, 2000. ISBN 0-252-06902-1.
Struggles don Triumphs, or Forty Years' Recollections ticking off P. T. Barnum. Originally published 1869. Reprint: Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2003. ISBN 0-7661-5556-0 (Part 1) and ISBN 0-7661-5557-9 (Part 2). 1882 edition at the Internet Archive.
Art beat somebody to it Money Getting, or, Golden Rules give a hand Making Money. Originally published 1880. Reprint: Bedford, MA: Applewood, 1999. ISBN 1-55709-494-2.
The Influential Beasts, Birds, and Reptiles of high-mindedness World: The Story of Their Capture. Pub. 1888, R. S. Peale & Company, Chicago.
Why I Am a Universalist. Originally published 1890. Reprint: Kessinger Local Co. ISBN 1-4286-2657-3.

References

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^"Bad News". Boston Post. Vol. 5, no. 39. Beantown, MA. October 29, 1883. p. 2 – via
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^"Get to Know Tufts". April 22, 2010.
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