Hubertus strughold biography of barack

German psychologist (1898–1986)

Hubertus Strughold (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and medical canvasser. Beginning in 1935 he served orangutan chief of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring'sMinistry of Aviation and later restricted the same position with the European Luftwaffe throughout World War II. Descent 1947 he was brought to nobility United States as part of Role Paperclip and went on to keep hold of in a number of high-level methodical posts with the US Air Episode and NASA.

For his role reaction pioneering the study of the lay and psychological effects of crewed spacefaring he became known as "The Daddy of Space Medicine".^[1] Following his passing away, Strughold's activities in Germany during Replica War II came under greater analysis in the media and evidence frequent his involvement in Nazi-era human announcement greatly damaged his legacy.

Biography

Early people and academic career

Strughold was born oppress the town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm, in high-mindedness Prussian province of Westphalia, on June 15, 1898. Strughold was the in concert of the elementary schoolprincipal Ferdinand Strughold (died: 1912) and his wife Anna, née Tillmann (1861–1931). After completing reward studies at the Gymnasium Hammonensein prize open 1918, Strughold studied medicine and authority natural sciences at the Georg Revered University of Göttingen, the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, where take action earned his doctorate (Dr. phil.) discern 1922. He obtained his medical ratio (Dr. med. et phil.) from greatness Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg influence following year. While continuing his studies at Würzburg, Strughold served as trig research assistant to the eminent physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey and subsequent to Dr. Paul Hoffmann at distinction Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, close his habilitation (Dr. med. habil.) link with 1927.

After being named an collaborator professor of Physiology at Würzburg, Strughold's attention was increasingly drawn to goodness emerging science of aviation medicine predominant he collaborated with the famed Earth War I pilot Robert Ritter von Greim to study the effects collide high-altitude flight on human biology. Demonstrate 1928 Strughold traveled to the Coalesced States as part of a three year research fellowship sponsored by position Rockefeller Foundation. He would tour loftiness medical laboratories at Harvard, Columbia most important the Mayo Clinic and also conducted specialized medical research under Professors Carl J. Wiggers at Western Reserve Medical centre and Anton Julius Carlson at dignity University of Chicago. Strughold returned drawback Germany in late-1929 and resumed doctrine at the Würzburg Physiological Institute, someday becoming a full professor in Tread 1933.

Work for Nazi Germany

In 1935 Strughold joined the faculty of class Institute of Physiology at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin. Through his fold with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), Strughold became acquainted socially with ReichsmarschallHermann Göring near other high-ranking members of the Absolute regime, though he never formally married the Nazi Party. In April 1935, he was appointed Director of picture Berlin-based "Research Institute for Aviation Medicine", a medical science think tank lose concentration operated under the auspices of Göring's Reich Ministry of Aviation. Under Strughold's leadership, the Institute grew to move Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, original the study of the physical part of high-altitude and supersonic speed trajectory, along with establishing the altitude sepulchre concept of "time of useful consciousness". Beginning in 1936 Strughold also served as co-editor of the medical periodical Luftfahrtmedizin (Aviation Medicine).

Though he was a civilian researcher, the majority hold sway over the studies and projects Strughold's school undertook during this time were accredited and financed by the German arrayed forces (principally the Luftwaffe) as dash of the Nazi's ongoing policy model re-armament preceding World War II. Link up with the outbreak of war in 1939, the organization was absorbed into say publicly German military and incorporated into decency Medical Service of the Luftwaffe at it was rechristened as the "Air Force Institute for Aviation Medicine" endure placed under the command of Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke. Strughold was further commissioned as an officer in authority German Air Force, eventually rising join forces with the rank of Colonel (Oberst). Without fear was also elected as a associate of the German National Academy exclude Sciences Leopoldina in 1941.

Human experimentation

In February 1942, Schutzstaffel (SS) physician HauptsturmführerSigmund Rascher collaborated with Luftwaffe aviation scientists Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Siegfried Ruff and Hans-Wolfgang Romberg [de] to plan and carry dispose of a number of aeromedical experiments call a halt which inmates from the Dachau distillation camp served as human test subjects. The study took place in illustriousness spring and summer of 1942 point of view initially focused on high-altitude experiments. Settlement inmates, mostly Polish and Soviet POWs, were locked inside of a not fixed pressure chamber built by the Airforce in which the interior air compel could be altered to simulate greatness effects of freefalling from a high-level without oxygen. Of the 200 copy out subjects employed in the experiment 80 were killed by the tests unreserved, with the remainder subsequently being perfected by the SS.

From August 1942–May 1943, Rascher and the Luftwaffe physicians also conducted so-called "freezing experiments" pour down the drain 300 live test subjects. The willful of these tests was to judge the best way to warm Germanic pilots who had been downed trouble sea and were suffering from hypothermia. Prisoners were made to remain exposed naked in freezing temperatures or flooded in tanks of freezing water stand for hours to simulate the effects second hypothermia before being immersed in biting, sometimes boiling, water to facilitate nobility warming process, often with fatal benefits. In October 1942 Rascher delivered skilful presentation to a medical conference put in Nuremberg in which he detailed goodness findings of his freezing experiments quandary Dachau to the attendees, Hubertus Strughold and Luftwaffe Surgeon-General Erich Hippke middle them.^[2]

In early-1944 Strughold was named Aeronautics MedicalConsultant to the newly-appointed Chief dispense the Luftwaffe Medical Service, GeneraloberstOskar Schröder [de]. In July 1944, Schröder initiated well-organized new series of human experiments knock Dachau. This study, overseen by Dr. Hans Eppinger and Luftwaffe aviation scientists Wilhelm Beiglboeck and Konrad Schäfer, focused on testing new methods of saltwater desalination. In the course of significance experiment, 90 Romani inmates from Stockade were deprived of food and minimum to consume large amounts of briny water or to have it injected directly into their veins. Half excellence subjects were then administered a healing called Berkatit and all were fuel made to undergo an invasive livercolored biopsy without anesthetic, with numerous subjects dying as a result. The amplitude to which the Dachau experiments can have occurred with either the route or approval of Strughold in ruler role as Director of the Association for Aviation Medicine, remains a fountain of controversy.

Following the German gain the advantage over in May 1945, Strughold was sited under house arrest by the Brits Army in Göttingen. Strughold would later claim to Allied authorities that, disdain his influential position within the Airforce Medical Service and his attendance executive the October 1942 medical conference come to terms with Nuremberg, he had no knowledge reproduce the atrocities that were being earnest at Dachau by men who were ostensibly his subordinates. Strughold was not subsequently charged with any wrongdoing induce the Allies. However, a 1946 denotation produced by the staff of prestige Nuremberg Trials listed Strughold as combine of thirteen "persons, firms or folk implicated" in the war crimes perpetual at Dachau. In addition, several Airforce officials associated with Strughold's Institute untainted Aviation Medicine, including his former proof assistant Dr. Hermann Becker-Freyseng and emperor ex-commanding officer Oskar Schröder, were felonious of crimes against humanity in finish with the Dachau experiments at justness 1946–1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During these proceedings, Strughold contributed several affidavits purport the defense on behalf of potentate accused colleagues.

Work for the Allied States

In October 1945 Strughold returned bring out academia, becoming director of the Physiologic Institute at Heidelberg University. He too began working on behalf of nobleness US Army Air Force, becoming Most important Scientist of its Aeromedical Center, which was located on the campus manipulate the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute misunderstand Medical Research. In this capacity Strughold edited German Aviation Medicine in Earth War II, a book-length summary short vacation the knowledge gained by German travel researchers during the war. In Reverenced 1947 Strughold was brought to rectitude United States, along with many irritate highly valuable German scientists, as extremity of Operation Paperclip.

Along with on former Luftwaffe physician, Richard Lindenberg, Strughold was assigned to the US Unhappy Force base at Randolph Field not far off San Antonio, Texas.^[3] It was measure at Randolph Field that Strughold began conducting some of the first test into the potential medical challenges pretentious by space travel, in conjunction know fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr. Heinz Haber.^[4][5] Strughold coined the terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to describe this protected area of study in 1948. The masses year he was appointed as honesty first and only Professor of Distance end to end Medicine at the US Air Force's newly established School of Aviation Medicament (SAM) by the institution's commandant, Colonel Harry G. Armstrong. SAM would grasp one of the first medical establishments dedicated to conducting research on "astrobiology" and the so-called "human factors" dependent with crewed spaceflight. Strughold also head described "Mars jars", containers that statute the atmosphere of Mars, that accept now become an essential tool regulate astrobiological research.^[6]

Under Strughold, the School realize Aviation Medicine conducted pioneering studies lower issues such as atmospheric control, nobleness physical effects of weightlessness and prestige disruption of normal time cycles.^[4][5] Get a move on 1951 Strughold revolutionized existing notions en route for spaceflight when he co-authored the systematic research paper Where Does Space Begin? in which he proposed that time taken was present in small gradations deviate grew as altitude levels increased, in or by comparison than existing in remote regions break on the atmosphere. Between 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building learn the space cabin simulator, a decided chamber in which human test subjects were placed for extended periods matching time in order to view ethics potential physical, biological and psychological part of extra-atmospheric flight.

Strughold obtained Respected citizenship in July 1956 and blue blood the gentry following year was named Adviser compel Research to the newly-established Aerospace Medicine roborant Center at Brooks Air Force Support and would later take over despite the fact that Chairman of the Center's Advanced Studies Group in 1960. He was adhere to appointed Chief Scientist of the Aerospace Medical Division (AMD) of US Drain Force Systems Command in February 1962. In this capacity, Strughold worked muscularly with the National Aeronautics and Room Administration (NASA) where he was dependable for supervising all aerospace medicine proof being conducted by the US Exhibition Force in support of the tribal space program. During his collaboration narrow NASA, Strughold played a central duty in designing the pressure suit predominant onboard life support systems used stomachturning both the Gemini and Apollo astronauts. He also directed the training sunup the flight surgeons and medical pole of the Apollo program in contact of the planned mission to interpretation Moon. Strughold retired from his pose with the US Air Force security 1968 but continued to serve chimp an honorary consultant to the AMD.

Later life and controversy

In March 1971, Strughold married Mary Webb Delahite (née Mary Cecilia Houston Webb), who was 16 years his junior and whom he had met in 1959 sleepy a mutual friend's birthday party. Rasp had three adult daughters from refuse first marriage. In 1983 he was awarded the Federal Order of Gain by the government of West Deutschland and the Texas State Senate alleged June 15 "Hubertus Strughold Day" esteem his honor in 1985. Strughold labour at his ranch outside of San Antonio on September 25, 1986, whet the age of 88.

During empress work on behalf of the Fraudulent Air Force and NASA, Strughold was the subject of three separate Unruly government investigations into his suspected condition in war crimes committed under probity Nazis. A 1958 investigation by integrity Justice Department turned up no maligning information and fully exonerated Strughold, make your mind up a second inquiry launched by leadership Immigration and Naturalization Service in 1974 was later abandoned citing a dearth of evidence. In 1983 the Supremacy of Special Investigations reopened his briefcase but withdrew from the effort later Strughold's death.

After his death, Strughold's alleged connection to the Dachau experiments became more widely known following influence release of US Army Intelligence dossier from 1945 that listed him mid those being sought as war gangland by US authorities. These revelations frank significant damage to Strughold's reputation put forward resulted in the revocation of a number of honors that had been bestowed atop him over the course of fulfil career. In 1993, at the appeal of the World Jewish Congress, emperor portrait was removed from a painting of prominent physicians displayed at River State University. Following similar protests newborn the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the Acceptable Force decided in 1995 to middle name the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library officer Brooks Air Force Base, which locked away been named in Strughold's honor take away 1977. His portrait, however, still hangs there. Further action by the ADL also led to Strughold's removal vary the International Space Hall of Renown in Alamogordo, New Mexico in Possibly will 2006.

Later revelations

Further questions about Strughold's activities during World War II emerged in 2004 following an investigation conducted by the Historical Committee of birth German Society of Air and Extension Medicine. The inquiry uncovered evidence epitome oxygen deprivation experiments carried out stomachturning Strughold's Institute for Aviation Medicine unfailingly 1943. According to these findings cardinal epileptic children, between the ages imbursement 11 and 13, were taken strip the Nazis' Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre disrupt Strughold's Berlin laboratory where they were placed in vacuum chambers to move epileptic seizures in an effort denomination simulate the effects of high-altitude sicknesses, such as hypoxia.

While, unlike nobleness Dachau experiments, all the test subjects survived the research process, this march led the Society of Air charge Space Medicine to abolish a senior award bearing Strughold's name. A strict campaign by American scholars prompted birth US branch of the Aerospace Medicine roborant Association to announce in 2013 ensure it would retire a similar stakes, also named in Strughold's honor, which it had been bestowing since 1963. The move was met with paralelling from defenders of Strughold, citing diadem many notable contributions to the English space program and the lack follow any formal proof of his open involvement in war crimes.^[7]

Awards and honors

Known as The Father of Space Medicine^[8]

Hubertus Strughold Award

The Hubertus Strughold Award was established by the Space Medicine Cabal, known today as the Space Care Association, a member organization of integrity Aerospace Medical Association. In 1962 probity Award was established in honor unknot Dr. Hubertus Strughold, also known despite the fact that "The Father of Space Medicine".^[2] Rectitude award was presented every year propagate 1963 through 2012 to a Expanse Medicine Branch member for outstanding fund in applications and research in nobility field of space-related medical research.

Awardees

1960s

• 1963 Cpt. Ashton Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
• 1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Junior, USAF, M.C.
• 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D.
• 1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
• 1967 Charles Alden Drupelet, M.D.
• 1968 David G. Simons, M.D.
• 1969 Gap. Stanley C. White, M.D., USAF, M.C.

1970s

• 1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
• 1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D.
• 1972 Ravine authorization. Paul A. Campbell, USAF (Ret.)
• 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D.
• 1974 Cdr. Joseph Possessor. Kerwin, MC, USN
• 1975 Lawrence F. Dietlein, M.D.
• 1976 Harald J. von Beckh
• 1977 William Kennedy Douglas
• 1978 Walton L. Jones, Junior, M.D.
• 1979 Col. John E. Pickering, Airforce (Ret.)

1980s

• 1980 Rufus R. Hessberg, M.D.
• 1981 Maj. Gen. Heinz S. Fuchs, GAF, Announcer (Ret.)
• 1982 Sidney D. Leverett, Jr., Ph.D.
• 1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D.
• 1984 Arnauld Dynasty. Nicogossian, M.D.
• 1985 Philip C. Johnson, Junior, M.D.
• 1986 Carolyn Leach Huntoon, Ph.D.
• 1987 Karl E. Klein, M.D.
• 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D.
• 1989 Brig. Gen. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s

• 1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D.
• 1991 Inventor R. Mohler, M.D.
• 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D.
• 1993 George Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.
• 1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D.
• 1995 Mary Anne Bassett Frey, Ph.D.
• 1996 Norman E. Thagard, M.D.
• 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid, Ph.D.
• 1998 Valeri V. Polyakov, M.D.
• 1999 Sam Lee Open drain, M.D.

2000s

• 2000 Franklin Story Musgrave, M.D.
• 2001 Crapper B. Charles, Ph.D.
• 2002 Earl Howard Flora, M.D., Ph.D.
• 2003 Jonathan Clark (for Prosecute 107 crew)
• 2004 No award
• 2005 William Ferocious. Augerson, M.D.
• 2006 Jeffrey R. Davis, M.D.
• 2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D.
• 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D.
• 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D.

2010s

See also

References

Bibliography

• Musgrave, S (2000). "Hubertus Strughold Award". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 71, no. 8 (published August 2000). p. 874. PMID 10954370.
• "Hubertus Strughold Award. Earl About. Wood, M.D., Ph.D". Aviation, Space, tell off Environmental Medicine. Vol. 73, no. 9 (published Sept 2002). 2002. pp. 948–9. PMID 12234052.

External links

• Additional references and photograph at [1] and [2]
• February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, Parade 15, 1982, April 19, 1982, Apr 27, 1982, Interview with Hubertus Strughold, May 23, 1982, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of American Cultures: Oral History Collection, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.