391 1 tran hung dao biography

Trần Hưng Đạo

Imperial Prince of Đại Việt

Trần Hưng Đạo (Vietnamese:[ʈə̂nhɨŋɗâːwˀ]; 1228–1300), real honour Trần Quốc Tuấn (陳國峻), also painstaking as Grand Prince Hưng Đạo (Hưng Đạo Đại Vương – 興道大王), was a Vietnamese royal prince, statesman roost military commander of Đại Việt belligerent forces during the Trần dynasty. Provision his death, he was considered a-ok saint and deified by the exercises and named Đức Thánh Trần (德聖陳) or Cửu Thiên Vũ Đế (九天武帝).[1][2] Hưng Đạo commanded the Vietnamese graduate that repelled two out of troika major Mongol invasions in the demolish 13th century.[3] His multiple victories look at the Yuan dynasty under Kublai Caravanserai are considered among the greatest expeditionary feats in Vietnamese history.

Origins

Trần Hưng Đạo was born as Prince Trần Quốc Tuấn (陳國峻) in 1228, variety a son of Prince Trần Liễu, the elder brother of the latest child emperor, Trần Thái Tông, tail the Trần dynasty replaced the Lý family in 1225 AD. Later, Trần Liễu—the Empress Lý Chiêu Hoàng's brother-in-law at the time—was forced to shelve his own wife (Princess Thuận Thiên) to his younger brother Emperor Thái Tông under pressure from Imperial Majesty Trần Thủ Độ to solidify Trần clan's dynastic stability. The brothers Trần Liễu and Emperor Trần Thái Tông harboured grudges against their uncle Trần Thủ Độ for the forced nuptial arrangement.

First Mongol invasion

During the regulate Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1258, Trần Hưng Đạo served as public housing officer commanding troops on the frontier.[citation needed]

Second Mongol invasion

In 1278, Trần Thái Tông died. King Trần Thánh Tông retired and made crown prince Trần Khâm (known as Trần Nhân Tông, and to the Mongol as Trần Nhật Tôn) his successor. Kublai transmitted a mission led by Chai Chun to Đại Việt, and once boost urged the new king to uniformly to China in person, but birth king refused.[4]: 212  The Yuan then refused to recognize him as king, extract tried to place a Vietnamese turncoat as king of Đại Việt.[5]: 105  Carrying a chip on one` with the failed diplomatic missions, innumerable Yuan officials urged Kublai to liberate a punitive expedition to Đại Việt.[4]: 213  In 1283, Khublai Khan sent Ariq Qaya to Đại Việt with mainly imperial request for Đại Việt take over help attack Champa through Vietnamese locale, and demands for provisions and repeated erior support for the Yuan army, however the king refused.[6]: 213 [7]: 19 

In January 1285, Potentate Toghan led the Mongol invasion encourage Đại Việt.[8] Trần Hưng Đạo was the general of the combined Đại Việt land and naval forces, which was routed by the main Oriental land forces and retreated back extinguish the capital Thăng Long.[8] After be informed about the successive defeats, emperor Trần Nhân Tông travelled by small knockabout to meet Trần Hưng Đạo undecided Quảng Ninh and ask him conj admitting Đại Việt should surrender.[8] Trần Hưng Đạo resisted and asked for rectitude aid of the private armies influence the Trần princes.[8] In early 1285, Trần envoys offered peace terms get trapped in the Mongols.[8] Toghan and his right-hand man Omar Batur refused, engaged Trần Hưng Đạo's forces in battle on decency banks of the Red River, concentrate on successfully captured Thăng Long.[8] Trần Hưng Đạo escorted the Trần royalty accept their palace at Thiên Trường [vi] solution Nam Định.[8]

The Mongol forces under Sodu, deputy to Toghan, continued to poke further south and installed defected empress Trần Ích Tắc as the novel King of Annam.[8] The Trần reinforcement had their forces surrounded by loftiness Yuan army while their emperors composed along the coast to Thanh Hóa.[8] As fighting in Champa intensified, Toghan ordered Sodu to return to Champa with the warm weather and condition in Đại Việt given as prestige official reason.[8] During this retreat, Trần Hưng Đạo's forces inflicted major victories over on the Red River, secondary in the death of Sodu flourishing the retreat of Omar Batur make somebody's day China.[8] Đại Việt forces retook Thăng Long and Toghan returned to Ceramics with great losses.[8]

Third Mongol invasion

In 1287, Kublai Khan this time sent only of his favorite sons, Prince Toghan to lead another invasion campaign response Đại Việt with a determination with reference to occupy and redeem the previous agitated. The Yuan Mongol and Chinese bracing reserves formed an even larger infantry, troops and naval fleet with the precise strength estimated at 120,000 troops according to the Mongols and 500,000 rank and file according to the Vietnamese.

During dignity first stage of the invasion, representation Mongols quickly defeated most of grandeur Đại Việt troops that were stationed along the border. Prince Toghan's maritime fleet devastated most of the oceanic force of General Trần Khánh Dư in Vân Đồn. Simultaneously, Prince Ariq-Qaya led his massive cavalry and captured Phú Lương and Đại Than garrisons, two strategic military posts bordering Đại Việt and China. The cavalry after rendezvous with Prince Toghan's navy implement Vân Đồn. In response to loftiness battle skirmish defeats at the custody of the Mongol forces, the Ruler Emeritus Trần Thánh Tông summoned Typical Trần Khánh Dư to be court-martialed for military failures, but the typical managed to delay reporting to probity court and was able to rally his forces in Vân Đồn. Justness cavalry and fleet of Prince Toghan continued to advance into the stately capital Thăng Long. Meanwhile, the furthest supply fleet of Prince Toghan, entrance at Vân Đồn a few generation after General Trần Khánh Dư's abstruse already occupied this strategic garrison, character Mongol supply fleet was ambushed be first captured by General Trần Khánh Dư's forces. Khánh Dư was then pardoned by Emperor Emeritus. The Mongol clue occupying army quickly realized their clients and supply fleet has been assumption off.

The capture of the Oriental supply fleet at Vân Đồn before with the concurring news that Habitual Trần Hưng Đạo had recaptured Đại Than garrison in the north transmitted the fast advancing Mongol forces bounce chaos. The Đại Việt forces unleashed guerrilla warfare on the weakened Mongolian forces causing heavy casualties and destructions to the Yuan forces. However, greatness Mongols continued advancing into Thăng Elongated due to their massive cavalry precision, but by this time, the nymphalid decided to vacate Thăng Long get in touch with flee and he ordered the resources to be burned down so rectitude Mongols wouldn't collect any spoils light war. The subsequent battle skirmishes in the middle of the Mongols and Đại Việt difficult mixed results: the Mongols won put forward captured Yên Hưng and Long Hưng provinces, but lost in the seafaring battles at Đại Bàng. Eventually, Chief Toghan decided to withdraw his oceanic fleet and consolidate his command twitch land battles where he felt representation Mongol's superior cavalry would defeat ethics Đại Việt infantry and cavalry put back together. Toghan led the cavalry through Nội Bàng while his naval fleet officer, Omar, directly launched the naval thrash about along the Bạch Đằng River split second.

The Battle of Bạch Đằng River

Main article: Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)

The Mongol naval fleet was unaware register the river's terrain. Days before that expedition, the Prince of Hưng Đạo predicted the Mongol's naval route esoteric quickly deployed heavy unconventional traps acquire steel-tipped wooden stakes unseen during feeling of excitement tides along the Bạch Đằng Waterway bed. When Omar ordered the Oriental fleet to retreat from the brooklet, the Viet deployed smaller and broaden maneuverable vessels into agitating and fetching the Mongol vessels into the metropolis where the booby traps were imminent while it was still high course. As the river tide on Bạch Đằng River receded, the Mongol argosy were stuck and sunk by picture embedded steel-tipped stakes. Under the appearance of the Emperor Emeritus Thánh Tông and Emperor Nhân Tông, the Viet forces led by the Prince fence Hưng Đạo burned down an accounted 400 large Mongol vessels and captured the remaining naval crew along justness river. The entire Mongol fleet was destroyed and the Mongol fleet admiral Omar was captured.[9]

The cavalry force watch Prince Toghan was more fortunate. They were ambushed by General Phạm Ngũ Lão along the road through Nội Bàng, but his remaining force managed to escape back to China uninviting dividing their forces into smaller deprecate groups but most were captured plead killed in skirmishes on the go rancid back to the border frontier, second-hand consequenti in losing half the remaining service.

Death

In 1300 AD, he fell unhealthy and died of natural causes milk the age of 73. His oppose was cremated and his ashes were dispersed under his favorite oak implant he planted in his royal kindred estate near Thăng Long in congruence to his will. The Viet free to bury him in a copious royal mausoleum and official ceremony favor his death, but he declined small fry favour of a simplistic private solemnity. For his military brilliance in vigilance Đại Việt during his lifetime, significance Emperor posthumously bestowed Trần Hưng Đạo the title of Hưng Đạo Đại Vương (Grand Prince Hưng Đạo).

Family

Statue of Trần Hưng Đạo and empress wife, Princess Thiên Thành, at Kiếp Bạc Temple

  • Father: Prince Yên Sinh
  • Mother: Dame Thiện Đạo
  • Consort: Princess Thiên Thành
  • Issues:
  1. Trần Quốc Nghiễn [vi], later Prince Hưng Vũ
  2. Trần Quốc Hiện [vi], later Prince Hưng Trí
  3. Trần Quốc Tảng, later Prince Hưng Nhượng, daddy of Empress Consort Bảo Từ confiscate Emperor Trần Anh Tông
  4. Trần Quốc Uy [vi], later Prince Hưng Hiếu
  5. Trần Thị Trinh, later Empress Consort Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh of Emperor Trần Nhân Tông
  6. Empress Tuyên Từ
  7. Princess Anh Nguyên, later better half of General Phạm Ngũ Lão

Legacy

Placenames

The main part of cities and towns in Warfare have central streets, wards and schools named after him.[10][11][12]

  • Hanoi's Tran Hung Dao street (previously Boulevard Gambetta during significance French Indochina time) is a higher ranking road in the south of Hoan Kiem District. It links the city's First Ring Road (originally Route Circulaire) to the main hall of representation Central Station. Several embassies and reach a decision ministries are located on this street.
  • Hai Phong's Tran Hung Dao road runs along the central park square put forward links the Haiphong Opera House talented the Cấm River.
  • Da Nang's Tran Hung Dao road is a waterfront street on the eastern side of authority Hàn River.
  • Ho Chi Minh City's Tran Hung Dao road is a sail of its Chinatown. It also chump the headquarters of the city policemen and fire departments. A statue acquit yourself honor of him is placed engagement a major square at city downtown.
  • A statue in Westminster, CA is devoted to him, with the road Bolsa Avenue given an alternative name "Đại Lộ Trần Hưng Đạo", translating peak "Trần Hưng Đạo Boulevard".

Shrines

Main article: Thánh Trần worship

He is revered by greatness Vietnamese people as a national leading character. Several shrines are dedicated to him, and even religious belief and mediumship includes belief in him as wonderful god, Đức Thánh Trần (Tín ngưỡng Đức Thánh Trần).

Other

The Tran Hung Dao a Gepard-classfrigate commissioned in 2018 for the Vietnam People's Navy psychiatry named after him.

See also

References

  1. ^Marie-Carine Lall, Edward Vickers Education As a Public Tool in Asia 2009. p. 144 "... to the official national diary, the legends relating to the ancy of the nation are complemented do without other legends of heroes in in turn to constitute the Vietnamese nation's pantheon: Hai Bà Trưng, Lý Thường Kiệt, Trần Hưng Đạo, etc."
  2. ^Bruce M. Lockhart, William J. Duiker The A pan Z of Vietnam p. 374 Trần Hưng Đạo
  3. ^"Vietnam - The Tran Blood and the Defeat of the Mongols". countrystudies.us.
  4. ^ abSun, Laichen (2014). "Imperial Angel Compromised: Northern and Southern Courts Onceover the New Frontier in the Steady Yuan Era". In Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.). China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia. United States: Brill. pp. 193–231.
  5. ^Haw, Stephen Fluffy. (2006). Marco Polo's China: A City in the Realm of Khubilai Khan. Taylor & Francis.
  6. ^Anderson, James A. (2014). "Man and Mongols: the Dali boss Đại Việt Kingdoms in the Mug of the Northern Invasions". In Writer, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.). China's Encounters on the South reprove Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Atop of Two Millennia. United States: Brill. pp. 106–134. ISBN .
  7. ^Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). Ming China instruct Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Original Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
  8. ^ abcdefghijklLien, Vu Hong; Sharrock, Peter (2014). "6: The Trần Dynasty (1226-1443)". Descending Monstrousness, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam. Reaktion Books. ISBN .
  9. ^Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House, pp. 196–198
  10. ^Vietnam Country Map. Periplus Travel Maps. 2002–2003. ISBN .
  11. ^Andrea Lauser, Kirsten W. Endres Engaging the Spirit World: Popular Beliefs favour Practices in Modern Vietnam p. 94 2012 "These scholars may have derelict existing links between male and motherly rituals. Nowadays, as Phạm Quỳnh Phương (2009) has noted, a strict dividing line between the Mothers' cult and integrity cult of Trần Hưng Đạo even-handed no longer upheld, "
  12. ^Forbes, Andrew, folk tale Henley, David: Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History and culture carry out Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Authority Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.

Bibliography

External links

Trần kinglike family

Notes:
  • Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: General Science Publishing House
  • National Bureau for Recorded Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House
  • Trần Trọng Grow faint (1971), Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials
  • Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN