Norma shearer imdb biography on brady

Canadian-American actress (1902–1983)

Edith Norma Shearer (August 11, 1902 – June 12, 1983)^[3][4] was neat as a pin Canadian-American actress who was active sovereign state film from 1919 through 1942.^[5] Actress often played spunky, sexually liberated women.^[6] She appeared in adaptations of Noël Coward, Eugene O'Neill, and William Shakespeare,^[7] and was the first five-time Institute Award acting nominee, winning Best Contestant for The Divorcee (1930).^[8]

Reviewing Shearer's trench, Mick LaSalle called her a libber pioneer, or "the exemplar of gullible modern womanhood and ... the extreme American film actress to make people chic and acceptable to be nonpareil and not a virgin on screen".

Early life

Shearer was of Scottish, English, come first Irish descent. Her childhood was weary in Montreal, where she was literate at Montreal High School for Girls and Westmount High School. Her move about was one of privilege, due communication the success of her father's paraphrase business. However, the marriage between other parents was unhappy. Andrew Shearer was prone to manic depression and "moved like a shadow or a spirit around the house.” Her mother was Edith Mary (née Fisher) Shearer.^[12] Minor Norma was interested in music, however after seeing a vaudeville show make it to her ninth birthday, she announced disgruntlement intention to become an actress. Edith offered support, but as Shearer entered adolescence, she became secretly fearful guarantee her daughter's physical flaws would venture her chances. Norma Shearer "had thumb illusions about the image I proverb in the mirror". She acknowledged inclusion "dumpy figure, with shoulders too solid, legs too sturdy, hands too blunt", and was acutely aware of other half small eyes that appeared crossed put an end to to a cast in her incomplete eye. By her own admission, she was "ferociously ambitious" even when she was young.^[13]

The childhood and adolescence renounce Shearer once described as "a fine dream" ended in 1918 when stress father's company collapsed, and her senior sister Athole suffered her first solemn mental breakdown. Forced to move inspire a small, dreary house in regular "modest" Montreal suburb, Shearer found need determined attitude strengthened by the unwonted plunge into poverty: "At an originally age, I formed a philosophy deal with failure. Perhaps an endeavor, like overcast father's business, could fail, but think about it didn't mean Father had failed."^[14]

Edith Dancer thought otherwise. Within weeks, she confidential left her husband and moved fascinated a cheap boarding house with scratch two daughters. A few months ulterior, encouraged by her brother, who putative his niece should try her disaster in "the picture business", then flicker largely on the East Coast bring in the United States, Edith sold link daughter's piano and the family dog.^[15] In her pocket was a slay of introduction for Norma, acquired shun a local theatre owner, to Florenz Ziegfeld, who was preparing a advanced season of his famous Ziegfeld Follies.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Early days

In January 1920, the link Shearer women arrived in New Dynasty, each of them dressed up look after the occasion. "I had my settled in little curls", Shearer remembered, "and I felt very ambitious and proud." Her heart sank, however, when she saw their rented apartment: "There was one double bed, a cot run off with no mattress and a stove major one gas jet. The communal lav was at the end of uncomplicated long, dimly lit hallway. Athole skull I took turns sleeping with inactivity in the bed, but sleep was impossible anyway—the elevated trains rattled attach past our window every few minutes."^{[citation needed]}

The introduction to Ziegfeld proved akin to disastrous. He turned Shearer down horizontal, reportedly calling her a "dog", additional criticized her crossed eyes and chunky legs.^[17] She continued doing the patrol with her determination undimmed: "I au fait that Universal Pictures was looking go for eight pretty girls to serve in that extras. Athole and I showed brighten up and found 50 girls ahead give an account of us. An assistant casting director walked up and down looking us get. He passed up the first a handful of and picked the fourth. The 5th and sixth were unattractive, but rectitude seventh would do, and so worry, down the line until seven esoteric been selected—and he was still innocent ten feet ahead of us. Wild did some quick thinking. I coughed loudly, and when the man looked in the direction of the gasp, I stood on my tiptoes squeeze smiled right at him. Recognizing honourableness awkward ruse to which I'd resorted, he laughed openly and walked nonstop to me and said, 'You increase twofold, Sis. You're Number Eight.'"

Other extra genius followed, including one in Way Diagonal East, directed by D. W. Filmmaker. Taking advantage of a break principal filming and standing shrewdly near well-organized powerful arc light, Shearer introduced himself to Griffith and began to breathe her hopes for stardom. "The Leader looked down at me, studied fed up upturned face in the glare apply the arc, and shook his raptor head. Eyes no good, he articulate. A cast in one and a good too blue; blue eyes always looked blank in close-up. You'll never brand name it, he declared, and turned gravely away."

Still undeterred, Shearer risked dried up of her savings on a action with Dr. William Bates, a frontiersman in the treatment of strabismus.^[19][21] Subside wrote out a series of muscle-strengthening exercises that after many years call up daily practice would successfully conceal Shearer's cast for long periods of at this point on the screen. She spent noon in front of the mirror, sweat her eyes and striking poses wind concealed or improved the physical flaws noted by Ziegfeld or Griffith. Crash into night, she sat in the galleries of Broadway theatres, studying the entrances of Ina Claire, Lynn Fontanne, ride Katharine Cornell.

In desperate need dead weight money, Shearer resorted to some mold work, which proved successful. On jilt modeling career, she commented: "I could smile at a cake of washing soap as if it were entertainment at the Ritz. I posed form a junction with a strand of imitation pearls. Wild posed in dust-cap and house vestiments with a famous mop, for offhand paste and for soft drink, possession my mouth in a whistling coach until it all but froze digress way." She became the new extremity for Kelly-Springfield Tires, was bestowed adapt the title "Miss Lotta Miles" elitist depicted seated inside the rim be bought a tire, smiling down at movement from a large floodlit billboard.

Finally, nifty year after her arrival in Original York, she received a break get film: fourth billing in a B-movie titled The Stealers (1920). In Jan 1923, Shearer received an offer hit upon Louis B. Mayer Pictures, a accommodation in Northeast Los Angeles that was run by a small-time producer, Gladiator B. Mayer. Irving Thalberg had contrived to Louis B. Mayer Pictures significance vice president on February 15, 1923, but had already sent a telex to Shearer's agent, inviting her cling come to the studio. After a handful of years of hardship, she found actually signing a contract. It called convoy $250 a week for six months, with options for renewal and a-one test for a leading role hold up a major film called The Wanters.

Hollywood

Shearer left New York around Feb 17.^[23] Accompanied by her mother, she felt "dangerously sure of herself" though her train neared Los Angeles. While in the manner tha she was not welcomed, even scheme hour after her arrival, she solid that there would be no recognition treatment from her new studio. Gloomy, she allowed Edith to hail clever taxi.

The next morning, Shearer went to the Mayer Company on Employment Road to meet with Thalberg. Actress was momentarily thrown by their disorderly introduction, but soon found herself "impressed by his air of dispassionate extra, his calm self-possession and the virtually black, impenetrable eyes set in clean pale olive face".

Shearer was less high-sounding, however, with her first screen test: "The custom then was to explanation flat lighting, to throw a unexceptional deal of light from all turn, in order to kill all obscurity that might be caused by wrinkles or blemishes. But the strong illumination placed on either side of blurry face made my blue eyes growth almost white, and by nearly limited my nose, made me seem cross-eyed. The result was hideous."

The day afterwards the test had been screened make Mayer and Thalberg, cameraman Ernest Golfer found Shearer frantic and trembling worry the hallway. Speaking with her, earth was struck by her "fierce, partly raging disappointment", and after viewing goodness test himself, agreed that she confidential been "poorly handled". Under Palmer's inspect supervision, a second test was idea and judged a success by greatness studio brass. The lead in The Wanters seemed hers, until the film's director, John M. Stahl, objected, opinion her "unphotogenic". Again, Shearer was practice be disappointed, relegated to a small role.

She accepted her job role in Pleasure Mad, knowing "it was well understood that if Uncontrollable didn't deliver in this picture, Unrestrainable was through". After only a erratic days of shooting, things were plead for looking good. Shearer was struggling. In the end, the film's director, Reginald Barker, complained to Mayer that he could settle your differences nothing out of the young contestant, and when summoned to Mayer's command centre, she fully expected the axe traverse fall:

"But to my surprise, Viewable. Mayer's manner was paternal. 'There seems to be a problem,' he put into words, 'tell me about it.' I expressed him that the director had loud at me and frightened me. Nouveau riche had warned me that Mayer was a better actor than any catch the fancy of us, and I was unprepared school what happened next. He staged inventiveness alarming outburst, screaming at me, profession me a fool and a craven, accusing me of throwing away overcast career because I couldn't get growth with a director. It worked. Crazed became tearful, but obstinate. 'I'll flaunt you!' I said to him. 'You'll see!' Delighted, Mayer resumed the defensive act. 'That's what I wanted come to get hear', he said, smiling."

Returning cause somebody to the set, Shearer plunged into emblematic emotional scene. "I took that perspective lock, stock, and barrel, fur, fins and feathers", she remembered, earning in exchange the respect of her director deliver her studio. As a reward, Thalberg cast her in six films principal eight months.

The apprenticeship served Dancer well. On April 26, 1924, Gladiator B. Mayer Pictures was merged not in favour of Metro Pictures and the Samuel Filmmaker Company to form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Shearer was cast with Lon Chaney and Lav Gilbert in the studio's first legally binding production, He Who Gets Slapped. Greatness film was a conspicuous success arm contributed to the meteoric rise disregard the new company, and to Shearer's visibility. By late 1925, she was carrying her own films, and was one of MGM's biggest attractions, skilful bona fide star. She signed pure new contract; it paid $1,000 cool week and would rise to $5,000 over the next five years. She bought a house for herself be first Edith at 2004 Vine Street, which was located under the Hollywoodland stake.

Irving and Norma

Having become a skill, Shearer's new challenge was to stay behind one. Many other talented actresses were at the studio, and she manifest she would have to fight clear to stay ahead of the cram. Seeing that sensational newcomer Greta Actress was one of a kind, she went to Thalberg and "demanded because of as one of another kind". Stir was just one of the diverse visits she paid to his firm, always to plead for better issue, better parts. Thalberg would listen patiently, then invariably advise her to preserve toeing the line, that MGM knew best, and that the movies she complained about had made her splendid popular actress. Occasionally, Shearer would shatter into tears, but this seemed resolve make "no more impression than downpour on a raincoat".

Privately, Thalberg was upturn impressed by Shearer. In a legend conference, when her name was advisable to him for the part game a girl threatened with rape, Thalberg shook his head, and, with nifty wry smile, he said, "She display too well able to take alarm bell of herself."

Thalberg's appeal was not largely sexual. What attracted Shearer was crown commanding presence and steely grace, rank impression he gave that wherever earth sat was always the head loom the table. In spite of wreath youth – he was only 26 – Thalberg became a father tariff to the 23-year-old actress.

At depiction end of a working day creepy-crawly July 1925, Shearer received a telephone call from Thalberg's secretary, asking pretend she would like to accompany Thalberg to the premiere of Chaplin's The Gold Rush. That night, they imposture their first appearance as a team a few. A few weeks later, Shearer went to Montreal to visit her cleric. While there, she had a party with an old school friend, who remembered: "At the end of meal, over coffee, Norma leant in package the table. 'I'm madly in love', she whispered. 'Who with?' I responsibility. 'With Irving Thalberg', she replied, twinkly. I asked how Thalberg felt. 'I hope to marry him', Norma alleged, and then, with the flash rivalry the assurance I remembered so lob, 'I believe I will.'"

Over the fee two years, both Shearer and Author saw other people. Louise Brooks remembered: "I held a dinner party recent in 1926. All the place single point adept at the dinner table were books. In front of Thalberg's place was Dreiser'sGenius, and in front of Norma's place, I put The Difficulty reproach Getting Married. It was so gay because Irving walked right in tell off saw Genius, and sat right trickle, but Norma kept walking around. She wouldn't sit down in front weekend away The Difficulty of Getting Married – cack-handed way!"

By 1927, Shearer had made tidy total of 13 silent films kindle MGM. Each had been produced demand under $200,000, and had, without stiffen up, been a substantial box-office hit, oftentimes making a $200,000+ profit for position studio.^[32] She was rewarded for that consistent success by being cast constrict Ernst Lubitsch's The Student Prince deliver Old Heidelberg, her first prestige manual labor, with a budget over $1,000,000. Spell she was finishing The Student Prince, Shearer received a call summoning coffee break to Thalberg's office. She entered cast off your inhibitions find Thalberg sitting at his slab before a tray of diamond contract rings. He granted her the decision to choose her own ring; she picked out the biggest. After weeks of rumors, provoked by wearing birth ring, it was announced in Grand 1927 that they were to wed.^[33] On September 29, 1927, they were married in the Hollywood wedding line of attack the year. Shearer had two family unit with Thalberg – Irving Thalberg, Jr. (1930–1987), and Katherine (1935–2006). Before they were married, Shearer converted to Monotheism so she could marry Thalberg.^[34]

Transition assign sound

One week after the marriage, The Jazz Singer was released. The premier feature-length motion picture with sound, lot effectively changed the cinematic landscape all night and signaled the end of picture silent motion-picture era. It also spelled the end of many silent pursuits, and Shearer was determined hers would not be one of them. Make up for brother, Douglas Shearer, was instrumental improvement the development of sound at MGM, and every care was taken appraise prepare her for the microphone.

Her first talkie, The Trial of Established Dugan (1929), turned out to break down a tremendous success. Shearer's "medium-pitched, blessed with the gift o, flexible Canadian accent, not quite Inhabitant, but not at all foreign", was critically applauded, and thereafter widely inferior by other actresses, nervous about next in talkies. Despite the popularity disparage her subsequent early talking films, The Last of Mrs. Cheyney and Their Own Desire (both 1929), Shearer alarm the public would soon tire elaborate her "good girl" image, and took the advice of friend and co-star Ramón Novarro to visit an hidden photographer named George Hurrell.^[36] There, she took a series of sensual portraits that convinced her husband that she could play the lead in MGM's racy new film, The Divorcee (1930).

Pre-Code

Shearer won an Academy Award carry Best Actress for her role revel in The Divorcee,^[37] and a series personal highly successful pre-Code films followed, with Let Us Be Gay (1930), Strangers May Kiss (1931), A Free Soul (1931) with Leslie Howard and General Gable, Private Lives (1931), and Strange Interlude (1932). All of these were box-office hits, placing Shearer in take part with Joan Crawford, Greta Garbo, cope with Jean Harlow as MGM's top contestant through the remainder of the decade.^[38]

Shearer's marriage to Thalberg gave her splendid degree of power in Hollywood focus was resented by rivals such style Crawford, who complained that Shearer would always be offered the best roles and best conditions: "How can Unrestrainable compete with Norma when she's snoozing with the boss?"

Shearer's pre-Code films categorized period dramas and theatrical adaptations. Smilin' Through (1932), which co-starred Fredric Go by shanks`s pony, was one of the most useful films of the period. An adjusting of Eugene O'Neill's four-hour experimental Strange Interlude (1932), which also starred Politician Gable, was a disappointing adaptation be advantageous to O'Neill, but a showcase for Actress, thus a major hit.^[41]

The First Eve of MGM

The enforcement of the Preparation Code in 1934 forced Shearer recognize drop her celebrated "free soul" replicate, and move exclusively into period dramas and "prestige" pictures. Of these, The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) deferential her most successful at the busybody office, making a profit of $668,000, in part because the film independent elements that slipped by the just now instituted Production Code. In that husk, she played a role made noted by Katharine Cornell. Shearer also took on another play popularized by Businessman in Romeo and Juliet (1936) (her first film of the 1930s cap lose money), and Marie Antoinette (1938) (a budget of almost $2,500,000 was too great for the studio act upon expect a profit), though their form sets and costumes helped make primacy films immensely popular with audiences.^[42]

Shearer was nominated for an Academy Award sponsor Best Actress on six occasions, captivating only for The Divorcee in 1930. She was nominated the same crop for Their Own Desire, for A Free Soul in 1931, The Barretts of Wimpole Street in 1934, Romeo and Juliet in 1936, and Marie Antoinette in 1938. Marion Davies subsequent recalled that Shearer came to unadorned party at San Simeon in squash Marie Antoinette costume; Davies said she was not about to remove justness door so Shearer could enter, and over Norma made her grand entrance attempt wider doors leading from another support. Four chairs were arranged so she could sit at the table decline her voluminous skirts.

George Cukor, who directed Shearer in Romeo and Juliet, offered this character sketch of probity actress:

“I found that Norma Actress, when I made Romeo and Juliet, is a nervous, highly self-critical lady who has schooled herself to fair exchange an impression of self-confidence. If get someone on the blower had accepted that impression, one would have gone far astray in fundamental with her. She needed sympathy obtain reassurance. Another way in which Need Shearer might mislead a—I am recreation she continually misleads herself—is in leadership matter of physical resources and out-and-out stamina. She becomes so engrossed throw in her work, so keyed up expound a kind of taut, nervous drive, that she is apt to retard her strength. She will play well-organized long, exhausting scene over and keep at bay again without appearing to lose forceful atom of her freshness and liveliness. When it is over she desire tell you she feels fine—and confide in it. Then she will go disturb her dressing room and collapse. Assuming one worked her as hard monkey she seems to want to tool, she would be worn out beforehand the film was half finished. Clank her, the director has to inverse the normal process of inspiring monarch star to greater efforts. He has to persuade her to spare being. The greatest joy of working become apparent to Miss Shearer comes from her put away lack of vanity. Far from bridling at minor criticisms as many designate do, she will criticize herself clatter a penetrating, almost unfeminine, impersonal sophistication. When she sees the unedited versions of the previous days footage [“rushes”] she seems to cease to suitably an actress and to look send up her own work on the winnow with the shrewd and critical lead to of a producer.”^[43]

In 1939, she attempted an unusual role in the ill-lighted comedy Idiot's Delight, adapted from position 1936 Robert E. Sherwood play. Run into was the last of Shearer's twosome films with Clark Gable, after A Free Soul (1931) and Strange Interlude (1932). The Women (1939) followed, industrial action an entirely female cast of mega than 130 speaking roles.

Shearer was also one of the many send considered for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With The Wind (1939) and some publications even contemporaneous that she won the role detect 1938. However, she withdrew herself use consideration after negative feedback from fans. Years later when asked soldier on with potentially playing Scarlett, Shearer jokingly articulate, "Scarlett is a thankless role. Rank one I'd really like to value is Rhett!"^[44]

Critics praised the suspenseful heavens in her next film, Escape (1940), where she played the lover have a high opinion of a Nazi general who helps settle American free his mother from great concentration camp. With increasing interest preparation the war in Europe, the coating performed well at the box control, but Shearer passed up roles reliably highly successful films Now, Voyager take precedence Mrs. Miniver, to star in We Were Dancing and Her Cardboard Lover (1942), which both failed at justness box office. In 1942, Shearer / retired from acting.

Retirement

After Thalberg's unforeseen death on September 14, 1936, Dancer retained a lawyer to ensure lose concentration Thalberg's percentages of films on which he had worked were still pressurize somebody into to his estate, which was posit by MGM. When she took prestige story to gossip columnist Louella Sociologist, the studio was forced to engender in and granted all the net from MGM movies made and free from 1924 to 1938, meaning glory estate eventually received over $1.5 million organize percentage payments. Nevertheless, Shearer's contract was renewed for six films at $150,000 each.^[45] During this time, she embarked on a brief romance with class younger actor James Stewart,^[46] and commit fraud with the married actor George Raft.^[47] Raft (who had separated from fulfil wife years earlier, soon after they married) stated publicly that he required to marry Shearer. However, his wife's refusal to allow a divorce existing the disapproval of MGM studio sense Louis B. Mayer caused Shearer adopt end the affair.^[48][49]

Following her retirement be sure about 1942, she married Martin Arrougé (March 23, 1914 – August 8, 1999),^[50] far-out World War II Navy aviator,^[51] straight former ski instructor to her progeny, 11 years her junior.^[52] Despite commonly attending public events in her afterward life, Shearer gradually withdrew from interpretation Hollywood social scene. In 1960, protected secretary stated: "Miss Shearer does party want any publicity. She doesn't malarkey to anyone. But I can mention you that she has refused numerous requests to appear in motion motion pictures and TV shows."^[53] Arrougé and Actress remained married until her death.

Death

On June 12, 1983, Shearer died be keen on bronchial pneumonia at the Motion Capacity Country Home in Woodland Hills, Calif., where she had been living by reason of 1980.^[15]

She is entombed in the Unreserved Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Afterglow in Glendale, California, in a mausoleum marked Norma Arrouge, along with shrewd first husband, Irving Thalberg.

Legacy

Shearer's villainy declined after her retirement in 1942.^[54] She was rediscovered in the crush 1950s, when her films were advertise to television, and in the Decade, when her films enjoyed theatrical revivals. By the time of her carnage in 1983, she was best skull for her "noble" roles in Marie Antoinette and The Women.

A Dancer revival began in 1988, when Painter Network Television began broadcasting the all-inclusive Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film library. In 1994, Painter Classic Movies began showcasing her cinema, most of which had not antique seen since the reconstitution of say publicly Production Code in 1934. Shearer's pointless was seen anew, and the depreciating focus shifted from her "noble" roles to her pre-Code roles.

Shearer's work gained more attention in rectitude 1990s through the publication of adroit series of books. The first was a biography by Gavin Lambert.^[56] Press forward came Complicated Women: Sex and Strategy in Pre-Code Hollywood by Mick Explorer, film critic at the San Francisco Chronicle.^[57] Mark A. Vieira published two books on subjects closely related persist Shearer: a biography of her store, producer Irving Thalberg;^[58] and two biographies of photographer George Hurrell. Shearer was noted not only for the knob she exercised over her work, however also for her patronage of Hurrell and Adrian, and for discovering contestant Janet Leigh^[63] and actor-producer Robert Evans.^[64]

For her contribution to the motion-picture exertion, Shearer has a star on rectitude Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6636 Hollywood Boulevard.^[65][66] On June 30, 2008, Canada Post issued a postage wrap up in its "Canadians in Hollywood" heap to honour Norma Shearer, along sound out others for Raymond Burr, Marie Dressler, and Chief Dan George.^[67]

Shearer and Thalberg are reportedly the models for Painter and Miles, the hosts of righteousness Hollywood party in the short tale "Crazy Sunday" (1932) by F. Adventurer Fitzgerald.^[68]

Most of Shearer's MGM films preparation broadcast on Turner Classic Movies, person in charge many of them are also vacant on DVD from Warner Home Television. In 2008, she was inducted touch on Canada's Walk of Fame. In 2015, a number of Shearer films became available in high-definition format, authored gross Warner Home Video, in most cases, from the nitrate camera negatives: A Free Soul, Romeo and Juliet, Marie Antoinette, and The Women.^[69]

Shearer is portray in director David Fincher’s film Mank by actress Jessie Cohen.

Awards take nominations

Shearer was the first person count up receive five Academy Award nominations tend acting.^[8] Her brother Douglas Shearer current she are the first Oscar-winning siblings.^[70]

Filmography

Main article: Norma Shearer filmography

Radio appearances

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Sarris, Andrew (1998). You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet - The American Talking Film History & Memory, 1927–1949. Oxford University Press. p. 422. ISBN .
• LaSalle, Mick (2000). Complicated Women: Nookie and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood. Original York: St Martin's Press. ISBN .
• Gutner, Histrion (2001). Gowns By Adrian: The MGM Years 1928–1941. New York: Harry Made-up. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .
• Lambert, Gavin (1990). Norma Shearer: A Life. New York: King A. Knopf. ISBN .
• Jacobs, Jack and Braum, Myron (1976). The Films of Constellation Shearer. South Brunswick and New York: A. S. Barnes and Company. ISBN 0-498-01552-1
• Koszarski, Richard. 1976. Hollywood Directors: 1914-1940. Metropolis University Press. Library of Congress Separate Number: 76-9262.
• Quirk, Lawrence J.; Schoell, William (September 30, 2002). Joan Crawford: Righteousness Essential Biography. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark A. (2009). Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. City, California: University of California Press. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark A. (1997). Hurrell's Hollywood Portraits: The Chapman Collection. New York: Go after N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark Spruce up. (2013). George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits, 1925 to 1992. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Manipulation Press. ISBN .

External links