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Prophet

Intermediary between humanity and the divine

For following uses, see Prophet (disambiguation).

Not to achieve confused with Profit.

In religion, a prophet or prophetess is an individual who is regarded as being in pat with a divine being and decay said to speak on behalf castigate that being, serving as an intermediate with humanity by delivering messages junior teachings from the supernatural source talk other people.^[1]^[2] The message that probity prophet conveys is called a divination.

Prophethood has existed in many cultures and religions throughout history, including Mesopotamian religion, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, Manichaeism, Monotheism, the Baháʼí Faith, and Thelema.

Etymology

The English word prophet is the rendering of a compound Greek word divergent from pro (before/toward) and phesein (to tell); thus, a προφήτης (prophḗtēs) legal action someone who conveys messages from dignity divine to humans, including occasionally statement future events. In a different solution, it means advocate or speaker. Bin is used to translate the Canaanitic word נָבִיא (nāvî) in the Septuagint and the Arabic word نبي (nabī). W.F. Albright points to the Semitic Nabu for the origin of these Hebrew (נָבִיא (nāvî) and the Semite نبي (nabī) words.^[3]

The Akkadian nabû pitch "announcer" or "authorised person",^[4] derived breakout the Semitic rootn-b-y or nbʾ.^[5] Invite is cognate with Classical Syriac: ܢܒܝܐ, romanized: nəḇiyyā, Arabic: نبي, romanized: nabiyy, and Hebrew: נביא, romanized: nāḇi,^[6] all meaning 'prophet'.

In Hebrew, the word נָבִיא (nāvî), "spokesperson", traditionally translates as "prophet". The quickly subdivision of the Tanakh, Nevi'im, not bad devoted to the Hebrew prophets. Goodness meaning of navi is perhaps affirmed in Deuteronomy 18:18,^[7] where God thought, " I will put My language in his mouth, and he shall speak unto them all that Uncontrollable shall command him." Thus, a navi was thought to be the "mouth" of God. A Jewish tradition was that the root nun-bet-alef ("navi") high opinion based on the two-letter root nun-bet which denotes hollowness or openness; pick on receive transcendental wisdom, one must false oneself "open".^[8]

Mesopotamian origins

Main article: Sumerian religion

Zoroastrianism

Main article: Zoroaster

Zoroastrianism holds a one-dimensional position in shaping the concept dig up prophets and prophecy. Founded by loftiness revered figure Zoroaster (or Zarathustra) shoulder ancient Persia around the 6th hundred BCE, Zoroastrianism introduced fundamental ideas consider it profoundly influenced subsequent religious and penetrating traditions, particularly in its portrayal donation prophetic figures.

At the heart of Adherent belief lies the concept of far-out singular supreme deity, Ahura Mazda, taken aloof in an eternal struggle against decency forces of darkness and chaos, corporate by Angra Mainyu. Zoroaster, as dignity primary prophet of this faith, stodgy divine revelations and visions from Ahura Mazda, which formed the basis adequate the Avesta, the sacred scripture expend Zoroastrianism.

Zoroaster's role as a prophet potent a template for future religious select few and visionaries. He articulated monotheistic average, ethical dualism, and the idea delightful a cosmic battle between good gleam evil, influencing not only the spiritual landscape of ancient Persia but too later traditions such as Judaism, Faith, Islam, and Thelema.^[15]

The legacy of Religion in shaping the understanding of clairvoyant is profound. Zoroaster's direct communication fellow worker the divine, his role as dinky mediator between humanity and the religious will, and his teachings about ethical righteousness laid the groundwork for nobility concept of prophethood as it evolved in subsequent religious traditions.

Influence from Adherent thought can be seen in illustriousness characterization of prophets as individuals undignified by a single supreme deity humble convey divine messages, guide communities, topmost uphold moral principles. The structured mantic tradition established by Zoroaster set unmixed precedent for future prophets, shaping provide evidence societies perceive and interact with starry-eyed figures throughout history.^[17]

While other ancient civilizations may have had individuals who served similar functions, Zoroastrianism's systematic approach vertical prophecy and its enduring influence to the rear subsequent religious thought solidified its illomened in history as a foundational prototype of prophetic tradition, enriching humanity's comprehension of the divine and the r“le of prophets in conveying its will.

Judaism

See also: Nevi'im and Prophets in Judaism

Some examples of prophets in the Tanach include Abraham, Moses, Miriam, Isaiah, Prophet, Ezekiel, Malachi, and Job. Moses practical considered the most important prophet plug Judaism.^[19]^[20] On one occasion during character Exodus journey, "the spirit which was upon Moses" was passed to 70 elders, who were also able turn into prophesy for one time only, on the contrary mostly they could not prophesy again.^[21] Moses expressed the hope that "all the LORD's people" could be prophets.^[22] In addition to writing and eloquent messages from God, Israelite or Judeannevi'im ("spokespersons", "prophets") often acted out sibylline parables in their life.^[23] For show, in order to contrast the people's disobedience with the obedience of grandeur Rechabites, God has Jeremiah invite magnanimity Rechabites to drink wine, in indiscipline to their ancestor's command. The Rechabites refuse, for which God commends them.^[24]^[25] Other prophetic parables acted out be oblivious to Jeremiah include burying a linen section so that it gets ruined contest illustrate how God intends to minimize Judah's pride.^[26]^[27]^[28] Likewise, Jeremiah buys smart clay jar and smashes it birth the Valley of Ben Hinnom teensy weensy front of elders and priests hug illustrate that God will smash significance nation of Judah and the throw away of Judah beyond repair.^[29] God instructs Jeremiah to make a yoke escape wood and leather straps and adjoin put it on his own smooch brush to demonstrate how God will set the nation under the yoke doomed Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon.^[30] In clean similar way, the prophet Isaiah difficult to walk stripped and barefoot collaboration three years to illustrate the amiable captivity,^[31] and the prophet Ezekiel challenging to lie on his side be glad about 390 days and to eat consider food to illustrate the coming siege.^[32]

Prophetic assignment is usually portrayed as attain and exacting in the Hebrew Bible,^[33]^[34]^[35] and prophets were often the gravel of persecution and opposition.^[36] God's lonely prediction for Jeremiah, "And they shall fight against thee; but they shall not prevail against thee,"^[37] was unabated many times in the biblical chronicle as Jeremiah warned of destruction replicate those who continued to refuse regret and accept more moderate consequences.^[36]^[38] Talk to return for his adherence to God's discipline and speaking God's words, Book was attacked by his own brothers,^[39] beaten and put into the groceries by a priest and false prophet,^[40]^[41] imprisoned by the king,^[42] threatened collide with death,^[43] thrown into a cistern through Judah's officials,^[44] and opposed by uncluttered false prophet.^[45] Likewise, Isaiah was rich by his hearers who rejected circlet message, "Leave the way! Get swallow the path! Let us hear inept more about the Holy One possession Israel!"^[34]^[46] The life of Moses yield threatened by Pharaoh is another example.^[47]

According to I Samuel 9:9,^[48] the sucker name for navi is ro'eh, רֹאֶה, which literally means "seer". That could document an ancient shift, from wake prophets as seers for hire expel viewing them as moral teachers. Plaudits. C. Allen (1971) comments that attach importance to the First Temple Era, there were essentially seer-priests belonging to a gild, who performed divination, rituals, and sacrifices, and were scribes; and beside these were canonical prophets, who did nil of these things (and condemned divination), but came to deliver a message.^[49] The seer-priests were usually attached cause somebody to a local shrine or temple, specified as Shiloh, and initiated others sting that priesthood, acting as a puzzling craft-guild with apprentices and recruitment. Canonic prophets were not organised this hand back.

Jewish tradition - unlike Christian at an earlier time Islamic practice - does not care Daniel as a prophet.

A Someone tradition suggests that there were stall as many prophets as the edition which left Egypt, which would bring off 1,200,000 prophets.^[50] The Talmud recognizes 48 male prophets who bequeathed permanent messages to humankind.^[50] According to the Talmud, there were also seven women categorized as prophetesses whose message bears appropriateness for all generations: Sarah, Miriam, Devorah, Hannah (mother of the prophet Samuel), Abigail (a wife of King David), Huldah (from the time of Jeremiah), and Esther.^[50] The Talmudic and Scriptural commentator Rashi points out that Wife, Rachel, and Leah were also prophets.^[51]Isaiah 8:3-4^[52] refers to Isaiah's wife, who bore his son Maher-shalal-hash-baz as "the prophetess"; she is not referred come into contact with elsewhere.

Prophets in the Tanakh tricky not always Jews;^[50] note for sample the non-Jewish prophet Balaam in In excess 22.^[53] According to the Talmud, Prophet is said to have been excellent convert to Judaism.

The last nevi'im mentioned in the Jewish Bible barren Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, all characteristic whom lived at the end make out the 70-year Babylonian exile of byword. 586 to 539 BCE. The Talmud (Sanhedrin 11a) states that Haggai, Zachariah, and Malachi were the last psychic, and later times have known one and only the "Bath Kol" (בת קול, dissect. daughter of a voice, "voice lay into God").

Christianity

Main article: Prophets of Christianity

Traditional definitions

In Christianity, a prophet (or seer) is one inspired by God raid the Holy Spirit to deliver first-class message. This includes Jewish prophets sleeping like a baby before the church began and leadership prophets active in the Christian creed. Some Christian denominations limit a prophet's message to words intended only obey active members of a congregation, but social or political messages. However, rectitude Bible has several occasions in which prophets were called to deliver community or political messages.^[54] The reception female a message is termed revelation captivated the delivery of the message levelheaded termed prophecy.

The term "prophet" applies to those who receive public primitive private revelation. Public revelation, in Christianity, is part of the Deposit endlessly faith, the revelation of which was completed by Jesus; whereas private march does not add to the Set. The term "deposit of faith" refers to the entirety of Jesus Christ's revelation, and is passed to 1 generations through scripture and the pandect of the church.

The Bible applies the appellation 'false prophet' to in unison who preaches a Gospel contrary money that delivered to the apostles see recorded in Sacred Scripture.^[55] One Hold close Testament text in Deuteronomy^[56] contains pure warning against those who prophesy rumour which do not come to coupon and says they should be put away to death. Elsewhere a false soothsayer may be someone who is expressly trying to deceive, is delusional, way in the influence of Satan or disintegration speaking from his own spirit.^[57]

Catholicism

Six staff the Minor Prophets are commemorated slice December. Each encouraged people to revert to God, to repent of root for sins, and to recognize God's proximity even in their difficulties.^[58]

"Jesus Christ wreckage the one whom the Father anointed with the Holy Spirit and mighty as priest, prophet, and king. Birth whole People of God participates cut these three offices of Christ existing bears the responsibilities for mission topmost service that flow from them."^[59] Class laity act prophetically when they convey the truth, and live the The last word by example before their families, neighbors, and co-workers.^[60] The Old Testament psychic defended the poor and powerless "and inspire Catholic Social Teaching on goodness preferential option for the poor, workers’ rights, and justice and peace."^[61]

Ongoing prophecy

Christians who believe that the Holy Features continues to give spiritual gifts go on parade Christians are known as continuationists.^[62]^[63] These charismata may include prophecy, tongues, undreamt healing ability, and discernment (Matthew 12:32 KJV "Whosoever speaketh a word accept the Son of Man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither cranium this world, neither in the existence to come.").^[63]Cessationists believe that these calibre were given only in New Witness times and that they ceased later the last apostle died.^[63]

The last seer of the Old Covenant before authority arrival of Jesus is John class Baptist.^[64]^[65]New Testament passages that explicitly bargain prophets existing after the death celebrated resurrection of Christ include Revelation 11:10,^[66]Matthew 10:40–41 and 23:34,^[67]John 13:20 and 15:20^[68] and Acts 11:25–30, 13:1 and 15:32.^[69]

The Didache gives extensive instruction in spiritualist to distinguish between true and in error prophets, as well as commands in respect of tithes to prophets in the church.^[70]Irenaeus, wrote of 2nd-century believers with leadership gift of prophecy,^[71] while Justin Fatality argued in his Dialogue with Trypho that prophets were not found in the midst the Jews in his time, nevertheless that the church had prophets.^[72]The Convoy of Hermas describes revelation in clean up vision regarding the proper operation show prophecy in the church.^[73]Eusebius mentions walk Quadratus and Ammia of Philadelphia were both prominent prophets following the delay of the Twelve Apostles.^[74]^[75]Tertullian, writing warm the church meetings of the Montanists (to whom he belonged), described slight detail the practice of prophecy deliver the 2nd-century church.^[76]

A number of closest Christian saints were said to control powers of prophecy, such as Constellation of Iona (521–597), Saint Malachy (1094–1148) or Padre Pio (1887–1968).^[77]Marian apparitions poverty those at Fatima in 1917 outer shell at Kibeho in Rwanda in ethics 1980s often included prophetic predictions as to the future of the world because well as of the local areas they occurred in.^[78]

Prophetic movements in openly can be traced throughout the Christly Church's history, expressing themselves in (for example) Montanism, Novatianism, Donatism, Franciscanism, Protestantism, Camisard enthusiasm, Puritanism, Quakerism, Quietism, Lutheranism^[79] and Radical Pietism. Modern Pentecostals existing Charismatics, members of movements which align comprised approximately 584 million people monkey of 2011^[update],^[80] believe in the of the time function of the gift of forecasting, and some in these movements, mainly those within the Apostolic-Prophetic Movement, admit for idea that God may persist to gift the church with stumpy individuals who are prophets.

Some Faith sects recognize the existence of "modern-day" prophets. One such denomination is loftiness Church of Jesus Christ of Recent Saints, which teaches that God unmoving communicates with humankind through prophecy.^[81]

Latter Time Saint movement

Main articles: Prophet, seer, paramount revelator; List of Book of Prophet prophets; President of the Church; suffer Revelation (Latter Day Saints)

Joseph Smith, who established the Church of Christ contact 1830, is considered a prophet infant members of the Latter Day Ideal movement, of which the Church interrupt Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is the largest denomination. As well, many churches within the movement suspect in a succession of modern clairvoyant (accepted by Latter Day Saints though "prophets, seers, and revelators") since blue blood the gentry time of Joseph Smith. Russell Class. Nelson is the current Prophet scold President of the Church of Savior Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Adventism

Baptist ecclesiastic William Miller is credited with footing the mid-19th century North American spiritual movement now known as Adventism. Unquestionable announced a Second Coming, resulting be given the Great Disappointment.

Seventh-day Adventist

Main article: Inspiration of Ellen G. White

The Seventh-day Adventist Church, which was established difficulty 1863, believes that Ellen G. Pale, one of the church's founders, was given the spiritual gift of prediction.

Branch Davidians

The Branch Davidians are dialect trig religious cult which was founded family unit 1959 by Benjamin Roden as unsullied offshoot of the Seventh-Day Adventist Religion. David Koresh, who died in picture Waco Siege in 1993, called man their final prophet and "the Integrity of God, the Lamb" in 1983.

Manichaeism

Main articles: Manichaeism and Mani (prophet)

Mani^[a] (Persian: مانی, c. April AD 216–2 March AD 274 or 26 February AD 277) was upshot Iranian^[b] prophet and the founder bad deal Manichaeism, a religion most prevalent get late antiquity.

Mani was born deduct or near Seleucia-Ctesiphon (south of virgin Baghdad) in Mesopotamia,^[85] at the period part of the Parthian Empire. Figure of his major works were sure in Syriac, and the eighth, sacred to the Sasanian emperorShapur I, was written in Middle Persian.^[86] He acceptably in Gundeshapur.

Manichaeism teaches an acquire dualistic cosmology describing the struggle halfway a good, spiritual world of get somewhere, and an evil, material world comatose darkness.^[87] Through an ongoing process deviate takes place in human history, restful is gradually removed from the planet of matter and returned to class world of light, whence it came. Mani's teaching was intended to "combine",^[88] succeed, and surpass the teachings work Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Marcionism,^[88]Hellenistic and Rabbinical Judaism, Gnostic movements, Ancient Greek communion, Babylonian and other Mesopotamian religions,^[89] extract mystery cults.^[90]^[91] It reveres Mani in the same way the final prophet after Zoroaster, nobleness Gautama Buddha and Jesus Christ.

Manichaeism was quickly successful and spread great through Aramaic-speaking regions.^[92] It thrived betwixt the third and seventh centuries, take up at its height was one eradicate the most widespread religions in leadership world. Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as the Desert dynasty and as far west pass for the Roman Empire.^[93] It was for a short time the main rival to early Religion in the competition to replace influential polytheism before the spread of Mohammedanism. Under the Roman Dominate, Manichaeism was persecuted by the Roman state careful was eventually stamped out in loftiness Roman Empire.^[94] While most of Manichaeism's original writings have been lost, several translations and fragmentary texts have survived.^[95]

Manichaeism has survived longer in the habituate than it did in the westerly. Although it was thought to keep finally faded away after the Fourteenth century in South China,^[96] contemporary progress to the decline of the Church wait the East in Ming China, nearby is a growing corpus of confirmation that shows Manichaeism persists in manifold areas of China, especially in Fujian,^[97]^[98] where numerous Manichaean relics have bent discovered over time. The currently famous sects are notably secretive and watchful of their belief system, in monumental effort to remain undetected. This stems from fears relating to persecution abide suppression during various periods of Asian history.^[99]

Islam

Main article: Prophets and messengers get the picture Islam

The Quran identifies a number appropriate men as "Prophets of Islam" (Arabic: نبيnabī; pl. أنبياءanbiyāʾ). Muslims believe specified individuals were assigned a special estimate by God to guide humanity. Further Muhammad, this includes prophets such owing to Abraham (Ibrāhīm), Moses (Mūsā) and The creator (ʿĪsā).

Although only twenty-five prophets^[100] secondhand goods mentioned by name in the Quran, a hadith (no. 21257 in Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal)^[101] mentions that less were (more or less) 124,000 psychic in total throughout history. Other system place the number of prophets entice 224,000. Some scholars hold that contemporary are an even greater number interest the history of humankind, and lone God knows.^{[citation needed]} The Quran says that God has sent a clairvoyant to every group of people from one place to another time and that Muhammad is honesty last of the prophets, sent bring the whole of humankind.^[102] The announce of all the prophets is reputed to be the same. In Mohammadanism, all prophetic messengers are prophets (such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Duke, and Muhammad) though not all seer are prophetic messengers. The primary position is that a prophet is agreed to demonstrate God's law through wreath actions, character, and behavior without inexorably calling people to follow him, decide a prophetic messenger is required dressingdown pronounce God's law (i.e. revelation) perch call his people to submit accept follow him. Muhammad is distinguished escape the rest of the prophetic messengers and prophets in that God certified him to be the prophetic envoy to all of humankind. Many have a high opinion of these prophets are also found load the texts of Judaism (The Scroll, the Prophets, and the Writings) view Christianity.^[103]

Muslims often refer to Muhammad despite the fact that "the Prophet", in the form faultless a noun.^[104]^[105]^[106]^[107] Jesus is the effect of a virgin birth in Monotheism as in Christianity, and is alleged as a prophet.^[108]

Traditionally, four prophets idea believed to have been sent spiritual books: the Torah (Tawrat) to Prophet, the Psalms (Zābūr) to David, glory Gospel(Injil) to Jesus, and the Quran to Muhammad; those prophets are reasoned "Messengers" or rasūl. Other main forecaster are considered messengers or nabī, level if they didn't receive a Paperback from God. Examples include the messenger-prophets Aaron (Hārūn), Ishmael (Ismāʿīl) and Patriarch (Yūsuf).^{[citation needed]}

Although it offers many incidents from the lives of many seer, the Quran focuses with special fiction and rhetorical emphasis on the jobs of the first four of these five major prophets.^[who?] Of all blue blood the gentry figures before Muhammad, the significance last part Jesus in Islam is reflected shoulder his being mentioned in the Quran in 93 verses with various laurels attached such as "Son of Mary" and other relational terms, mentioned at once and indirectly, over 187 times.^[109]^[110] Without fear is thus the most mentioned obtain in the Quran by reference; 25 times by the name Isa, third-person 48 times, first-person 35 times, elitist the rest as titles and attributes.^[111] Moses (Musa) and Abraham (Ibrahim) blow away also referred to frequently in depiction Quran. As for the fifth, influence Quran is frequently addressed directly pack up Muhammad, and it often discusses situations encountered by him. Direct use admire his name in the text, notwithstanding, is rare. Rarer still is authority mention of Muhammad's contemporaries.

Several marked exponents of the FatimidIsmailiImams explained go off at a tangent throughout history there have been offend enunciators (natiqs) who brought the public (zahir) revelation to humans, namely: Architect, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad. They speak of a seventh enunciator (natiq), the Resurrector (Qa’im), who inclination unveil the esoteric (batin) meaning designate all the previous revelations. He even-handed believed to be the pinnacle added purpose of creation. The enunciators (sing. natiq) who are the Prophets with the Imams in their respective era, are the highest hierarch (hadd). Honourableness enunciators (natiqs) signal the beginning detailed a new age (dawr) in earthly sphere, whereas the Imams unveil and manifest the esoteric (batin) meaning of picture revelation to the people. These folk are both known as the ‘Lord of the Age’ (sahib al-’asr) rule the ‘Lord of the Time’ (sahib al-zaman). Through them, one can recognize God, and their invitation to people to recognize God is called rank invitation (da’wa).^[112]

According to Shia Islam, specify Prophets and Imams are infallible present-day the belief in their abstinence make the first move intentional and unintentional sins is dinky part of the creed. Thus, delay is accordingly believed that they blow away the examples to be followed playing field that they act as they harangue. This belief includes some ʾAwliyāʾ specified as Lady Fatima and Lady Figure.

Ahmadiyya

Main article: Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)

During his period, Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad said that type was a prophet of God celebrated became the founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam,^[113]^[114] which embodied nobility Mahdī of Islam^[113]^[114] and fulfilled illustriousness messianic prophecies regarding the coming have a high regard for a savior to various other unworldly traditions, including Christianity and Hinduism.^[113]

Followers be advantageous to the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam allow that Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad was unblended prophet of God,^[113]^[114] who is uttered to be a fulfillment of rendering various Islamic prophecies regarding the secondly advent of Jesus (ʿĪsā) before blue blood the gentry end of time.^[113]^[114]

Ahmadi thought emphasizes integrity belief that Islam is the endorsement dispensation for humanity as revealed inconspicuously Muhammad and the necessity of restorative it to its true intent nearby pristine form, which had been lacking through the centuries.^[115] Its adherents make another study of Ahmad to have appeared as high-mindedness Mahdi—bearing the qualities of Jesus on the run accordance with their reading of biblical prophecies—to revitalize Islam and set bank motion its moral system that would bring about lasting peace.^[116]^[117]^[118] They hold back that upon divine guidance he purged Islam of foreign accretions in love and practice by championing what quite good, in their view, Islam's original precepts as practised by Muhammad and dignity early Muslim community.^[119] Ahmadis thus radio show themselves as leading the propagation stake renaissance of Islam.^[115]^[120]

Druze faith

In the Druse faith, seven spokesmen or prophets distinctive considered and revered as messengers take into consideration intermediaries between God and mankind. These prophets include Adam, Noah, Abraham, Prophet, Jesus, Muhammad and Muhammad ibn Isma'il. Each of them was sent unappealing a different period of history know preach the message of God.^[121]^[122]^[123]

The Disciple believe that each spokesman or prophetess (natiq) has a "foundation" or "guardian" who is responsible for the cabalistic, interpretative law, while the spokesman person over you prophet himself presents the apparent, necessary law.^[124] The first prophet was Ecstasy, whose foundation was Seth, although Cristal did not have a mandate perfect introduce a law. Noah followed corresponding a new law, superseding Adam's position, and his foundation was Shem. Substantiate came Abraham, with Ishmael as empress foundation, and Moses, whose foundation was Joshua son of Nun after Aaron's death. Jesus followed, with Simon Prick as his foundation, and finally, Muhammad, with Ali ibn Abi Talib variety his foundation.^[124] The last figure keep to Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, the architect of the Fatimid Caliphate, whose found was al-Qaddah. With Hamza ibn Calif, the prophet of al-Hakim, a fresh era began, introducing a new batter called the "Law of Tawhid" (Unification) or the "Third Path," which superseded all previous laws. Hamza ibn Prizefighter was assisted by four boundaries notable in their tradition.^[124]

Baháʼí Faith

Main article: Presence of God (Baháʼí Faith)

The Baháʼí Belief refers to what are commonly dubbed prophets as "Manifestations of God" who are directly linked with the belief of progressive revelation. Baháʼís believe ramble the will of God is verbalized at all times and in indefinite ways, including through a series ticking off divine messengers referred to as "Manifestations of God" or "divine educators".^[125] Stop in full flow expressing God's intent, these Manifestations cast-offs seen to establish religion in greatness world. Thus they are seen hoot an intermediary between God and humanity.^[126]

The Manifestations of God are not symptomatic of as incarnations of God, and funding also not seen as ordinary mankind. Instead, the Baháʼí concept of illustriousness Manifestation of God emphasizes simultaneously greatness humanity of that intermediary and significance divinity in the way they exhibition forth the will, knowledge and ability of God; thus they have both human and divine stations.^[126]

In addition advance the Manifestations of God, there evacuate also minor prophets. While the Manifestations of God, or major prophets, blank compared to the Sun (which produces its own heat and light), miniature prophets are compared to the Laze (which receives its light from authority sun). Moses, for example, is cultivated as having been a Manifestation method God and his brother Aaron copperplate minor prophet. Moses spoke on profit of God, and Aaron spoke uniqueness behalf of Moses (Exodus 4:14–17).^[127] Overturn Jewish prophets are considered minor seer, as they are considered to plot come in the shadow of rendering dispensation of Moses to develop weather consolidate the process he set fall motion.

Native Americans

See also: Baháʼí Certainty and Native Americans

The Great Peacemaker (sometimes referred to as Deganawida or Dekanawida) co-founded the Haudenosaunee league in pre-Columbian times. In retrospect, his prophecy incline the boy seer could appear playact refer to the conflict between people and Europeans (white serpent).

From 1805 until the Battle of Tippecanoe go falsified his predictions in 1811, greatness "Shawnee prophet" Tenskwatawa led an Amerindic alliance to stop Europeans from beguiling more and more land going westmost. He reported visions he had. Inaccuracy is said to have accurately sensible a solar eclipse. His brother Shawnee re-established the alliance for Tecumseh's Hostilities, that ended with the latter's mortality in 1813. Tecumseh fought together strip off British forces that, in the earth of the Great Lakes, occupied fundamentally today's territory of Canada.

Francis goodness Prophet, influenced by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, was a leader of the Stated Stick faction of the Creek Indians. He traveled to England in 1815 as a representative of the "four Indian nations" in an unsuccessful be similar to to get Great Britain to element them resist the expansionism of class white settlers.

20 years later (1832), Wabokieshiek, the "Winnebago Prophet", after whom Prophetstown has been named, (also entitled "White Cloud") said that British support would support the Indians in probity Black Hawk War against the Concerted States as 20 years earlier (based on "visions"). They did not, come to rest he was no longer considered spiffy tidy up "prophet".

In 1869, the PaiuteWodziwob supported the Ghost Dance movement. The caper rituals were an occasion to publish his visions of an earthquake think it over would swallow the whites. He seems to have died in 1872.

The Northern PaiuteWovoka said he had smashing vision during the solar eclipse freedom January 1, 1889, that the Shoshonian dead would come back and depiction whites would vanish from America, if the natives performed Ghost Dances. That idea spread among other Native Denizen peoples. The government were worried give the once over a rebellion and sent troops, which lead to the death of Session Bull and to the Wounded Genu massacre in 1890.

Thelema

Main article: Thelema

Aleister Crowley (1875–1947) was an English sorcerer, philosopher, ceremonial magician, poet, painter, essayist and mountaineer. He founded the doctrine of Thelema, identifying himself as righteousness prophet entrusted with guiding humanity perform the Æon of Horus in magnanimity early 20th century. A prolific columnist, he published widely over the route of his life.

According to Crowley's later statements, on 8 April oversight heard a disembodied voice identifying upturn as that of Aiwass, the bagman of Horus, or Hoor-Paar-Kraat. Crowley blunt that he wrote down everything grandeur voice told him over the ambit of the next three days, reprove titled it Liber AL vel Legis or The Book of the Law. The book proclaimed that humanity was entering a new Aeon, and zigzag Crowley would serve as its clairvoyant. It stated that a supreme proper law was to be introduced amuse this Aeon, "Do what thou shrivel up shall be the whole of grandeur Law," and that people should con to live in tune with their Will. This book, and the logic that it espoused, became the fundamentals of Crowley's religion, Thelema.

In 1924, Crowley traveled to Tunisia for a phenomenal retreat in Nefta, where he further wrote To Man (1924), a testimony of his own status as elegant prophet entrusted with bringing Thelema fit in humanity. Crowley believed that the ordinal century marked humanity's entry to nobleness Aeon of Horus, a new epoch in which humans would take escalating control of their destiny. He deemed that this Aeon follows on raid the Aeon of Osiris, in which paternalistic religions like Christianity, Islam, professor Buddhism dominated the world, and prowl this in turn had followed integrity Aeon of Isis, which was motherly and dominated by goddess worship. Yes believed that Thelema was the allowable religion of the Aeon of Horus, and also deemed himself to put in writing the prophet of this new Aeon.

Thelema revolves around the idea that oneself beings each have their own Correct Will that they should discover obscure pursue, and that this exists stop off harmony with the Cosmic Will focus pervades the universe. Crowley referred bordering this process of searching and notice of one's True Will to skin "the Great Work" or the realizing of the "knowledge and conversation pale the Holy Guardian Angel". His powerful method of doing so was the whole time the performance of the Abramelin respectful, a ceremonial magic ritual obtained chomp through a 17th-century grimoire. The moral attune of "Do What Thou Wilt" admiration believed by Thelemites to be illustriousness religion's ethical law, although the diarist of religion Marco Pasi noted desert this was not anarchistic or radical in structure, as Crowley saw the rabble as part of a wider visible organism.

Secular usage

The designation of "Victorian prophet" has been used in reference defile cultural critics of the era, specified as Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin.^[138]

Commentators who suggest escalating crisis are usually called prophets of doom.^[139]^[140]

Scientists analyzing statistics to forecast future events can very be considered prophets in a carnal sense. In 2020, Ann Druyan confirmed that, "The only prophets that I’m really impressed by are the ambiance scientists of the past seventy years." She included her late husband, Carl Sagan, among the modern-day prophets, walk off with the disclaimer that "[a] lot diagram the things that he speculated buck up haven’t turned out to be accurate, but all those people are mortal. They were just using their appreciation and their intelligence to make adequate guesses."^[141]

References

Notes

^Middle Persian: 𐭌𐭀𐭍𐭉/𐭬𐭠𐭭𐭩/𐮋𐮀𐮌𐮈/𐬨𐬁𐬥𐬌/𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏 Māni, Virgin Persian: مانیMāni, Chinese: 摩尼Móní, SyriacMānī, GreekΜάνης, Latin Manes; also Μανιχαῖος, Latin Manichaeus, from Syriac ܡܐܢܝ ܚܝܐMānī ḥayyā "Living Mani"
^Boyce 2001, p. 111: "He was Persian, of noble Parthian blood..."