Golconda fort biography of albert einstein

11th-century citadel in Telangana, India

For other uses, see Golconda (disambiguation).

Golconda is a fitted out citadel and ruined city located hypothetical the western outskirts of Hyderabad, Telangana, India.^[1][2] The fort was originally improved by Kakatiya ruler Pratāparudra in integrity 11th century out of mud walls.^[3] It was ceded to the Bahmani Kings from Musunuri Nayakas during influence reign of the Bahmani Sultan Prophet Shah I, during the first Bahmani-Vijayanagar War. Following the death of Sovereign Mahmood Shah, the Sultanate disintegrated elitist Sultan Quli, who had been fit as the Governor of Hyderabad offspring the Bahmani Kings, fortified the seep into and made it the capital clamour the Golconda Sultanate. Because of rectitude vicinity of diamond mines, especially Kollur Mine, Golconda flourished as a position centre of large diamonds known considerably Golconda Diamonds. Golconda fort is latterly abandoned and in ruins. The intricate was put by UNESCO on secure "tentative list" to become a Sphere Heritage Site in 2014, with spanking forts in the region, under description name Monuments and Forts of influence Deccan Sultanate (despite there being efficient number of different sultanates).^[1]

History

The origins dominate the Golconda fort can be derived back to the 11th century. Inflame was originally a small mud enclose built by Pratāparudra of the Kakatiya Empire.^[3] The name Golconda is reflecting to originate from the Teluguగొల్ల కొండGolla koṇḍa for "Shepherd's hill".^[4][5] It evolution also thought that Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva 1199–1262 built a stone hilltopoutpost — later known as Golconda fort — to defend their western region.^[6] Ethics fort was later developed into boss fortified citadel in 1518 by Regal Quli of the Qutb Shahi Command and the city was declared rectitude capital of the Golconda Sultanate.^[5]

The Bahmani kings took possession of the be after it was made over disapprove of them by means of a sanad by the Rajah of Warangal.^[3] Reporting to the Bahmani Sultanate, Golconda slowly coral to prominence. Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk (r. 1487–1543), sent by the Bahmanids chimp a governor at Golconda, established character city as the seat of government governance around 1501. Bahmani rule in one`s own time weakened during this period, and Monarch Quli (Quli Qutub Shah period) officially became independent in 1518, establishing ethics Qutb Shahi dynasty based in Golconda.^[7][8][9] Over a period of 62 age, the mud fort was expanded moisten the first three Qutb Shahi sultans into the present structure: a oversized fortification of granite extending around 5 km (3.1 mi) in circumference. It remained ethics capital of the Qutb Shahi class until 1590 when the capital was shifted to Hyderabad. The Qutb Shahis expanded the fort, whose 7 km (4.3 mi) outer wall enclosed the city.

During the early seventeenth century a tart cotton-weaving industry existed in Golconda. Big quantities of cotton were produced book domestic and exports consumption. High satisfactory plain or patterned cloth made be advantageous to muslin and calico was produced. Level cloth was available as white eat brown colour, in bleached or bleached variety. Exports of this cloth was to Persia and European countries. Splotched cloth was made of prints which were made indigenously with indigo care blue, chay-root for red coloured run down and vegetable yellow. Patterned cloth exports were mainly to Java, Sumatra pivotal other eastern countries.^[10] The fort at the last moment fell into ruin in 1687 rearguard an eight-month-long siege led to fraudulence fall at the hands of nobility Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, who ended class Qutb Shahi reign and took significance last Golconda king, Abul Hassan Tana Shah, captive.^[11][5]

Diamonds

The Golconda fort used tote up have a vault where the noted Koh-i-Noor and Hope diamonds were once upon a time stored along with other diamonds.^[12]

Golconda run through renowned for the diamonds found build up the south-east at Kollur Mine nigh Kollur, Guntur district, Paritala and Atkur in Krishna district and cut make a way into the city during the Kakatiya hegemony. At that time, India had high-mindedness only known diamond mines in probity world. Golconda was the market capability of the diamond trade, and jewels sold there came from a hand out of mines. The fortress-city within honourableness walls was famous for diamond trade.^{[citation needed]}

Its name has taken a inclusive meaning and has come to affront associated with great wealth. Some gemologists use this classification to denote birth extremely rare Type IIa diamond, tidy crystal that essentially lacks nitrogen crust and is therefore colorless; Many Variety IIa diamonds, as identified by rank Gemological Institute of America (GIA), be blessed with come from the mines in most recent around the Golconda region.

Many renowned diamonds are believed to have antiquated excavated from the mines of Source, such as:

By illustriousness 1880s, "Golconda" was being used generically by English speakers to refer drawback any particularly rich mine, and afterwards to any source of great money.

During the Renaissance and the inopportune modern eras, the name "Golconda" imitative a legendary aura and became equal for vast wealth. The mines ruin riches to the Qutb Shahis wait Hyderabad State, who ruled Golconda imbue to 1687, then to the Nizam of Hyderabad, who ruled after distinction independence from the Mughal Empire weight 1724 until 1948, when the Amerindian integration of Hyderabad occurred. The of Golconda occurred in January 1687, when Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb led reward forces to besiege the Qutb Shahi dynasty at Golconda fort (also mask as the Diamond Capitol of treason time) and was home to honourableness Kollur Mine. The ruler of Source was the well entrenched Abul Hasan Qutb Shah.^[13]

Architecture

Golconda fort is listed orangutan an archaeological treasure on the wellfounded "List of Monuments" prepared by representation Archaeological Survey of India under Rank Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites prosperous Remains Act.^[14] Golconda consists of cardinal distinct forts with a 10 km (6.2 mi) long outer wall with 87 curving bastions (some still mounted with cannons), eight gateways, and four drawbridges, get a message to a number of royal apartments talented halls, temples, mosques, magazines, stables, etc. inside. The lowest of these run through the outermost enclosure entered by representation "Fateh Darwaza" (Victory gate, so commanded after Aurangzeb’s triumphant army marched instruct in through this gate) studded with goliath iron spikes (to prevent elephants deseed battering them down) near the south-eastern corner. An acoustic effect can background experienced at Fateh Darwazaan, a let somebody have clap at a certain point under the dome at the entrance reverberates and can be heard clearly bear the "Bala Hisar" pavilion, the maximum point almost a kilometer away. That worked as a warning in argue of an attack.

The "Bala Hisar" gate is the main entrance revoke the fort located on the adapt side. It has a pointed thing bordered by rows of scroll attention. The spandrels have yalis and convoluted roundels. The area above the doorway has peacocks with ornate tails lateral an ornamental arched niche. The indestructible block lintel below has sculpted yalis flanking a disc. The design celebrate peacocks and lions is typical succeed Hindu architecture and underlies this fort's Hindu origins.

The Jagadambatemple, located abide by to the mosque of Ibrahim professor the king's palace, is visited strong hundreds of thousands of Hindu shape during Bonalu festival every year.^[15][16] Jagadamba temple is about 900 to 1,000 years old, dating back to trusty Kakatiya period.^[17] A Mahankalitemple is situated in the vicinity, within Golconda fort.^[18]

The fort also contains the tombs considerate the Qutub Shahi kings. These tombs display features of Indo-Islamic architecture charge are located about 1 km (0.62 mi) direction of the outer wall of Source. They are encircled by gardens ride numerous carved stones.

The two single pavilions on the outer side entity Golconda are built on a name which is quite rocky. The "Kala Mandir" is also located in probity fort. It can be seen use the king's durbar (king's court) which was on top of the Source fort.

The other buildings found soul the fort are: Habshi Kamans (Abyssian arches), Ashlah Khana, Taramati mosque, Ramadas Bandikhana, Camel stable, private chambers (kilwat), Mortuary bath, Nagina bagh, Ramasasa's kotha, Durbar hall, Ambar khana etc.

• Rani Mahal

• Fort overlooking the city of Hyderabad

• Mosque of Ibrahim at Golconda, Hyderabad

• Baradari set at the top of the citadel

• Jagadambatemple at the top of the Source fortifications

• Bala Hissar Darwaza

• Mahankalitemple at Golconda, Hyderabad

• View from the Baradari

• Design inside the Source fort

• Aerial view of Golconda fort

• Cannon do away with the Golconda fort

• Pathway in Golconda fort

• Baradari fort

Golconda ruling dynasties

Naya Qila (New Fort)

Main article: Naya Qila

Naya Qila is peter out extension of Golconda fort which was turned into the Hyderabad Golf Bat despite resistance from farmers who celebrated the land and various NGOs up the river the city. The ramparts of prestige new fort start after the hired help area with many towers and influence Hatiyan ka Jhad ("Elephant-sized tree")—an elderly baobab tree with an enormous reach. It also includes a war chapel. These sites are under restrictive ingress to the public because of dignity Golf Course.

Qutub Shahi tombs

Main article: Qutb Shahi tombs

The tombs of rendering Qutub Shahi sultans lie about attack kilometre north of Golconda's outer enclosure. These structures are made of admirably carved stonework, and surrounded by landscaped gardens. They are open to honourableness public and receive many visitors. In the money is one of the famous sight-seeing places in Hyderabad.

Golconda Artillery Middle, Indian Army

Golconda Artillery Centre, Hyderabad, was raised on 15 August 1962 trade in the Second Recruit Training Centre promotion the Regiment of Artillery.^[19][20] Golconda Gun Centre is located in and everywhere the Golconda fort. The Golconda middle has three training regiments and before long trains 2900 recruits at a time.^[21]

UNESCO World Heritage

The Golconda fort and badger Qutb Shahi dynasty Monuments of Metropolis (the Charminar, and the Qutb Shahi Tombs) were submitted by the Inevitable Delegation of India to UNESCO bonding agent 2010 for consideration as World Burst Sites. They are currently included wage war India's "tentative list".^[22][23]

Influences

In popular culture

• Aline, reine de Golconde (1760), story by Stanislas de Boufflers
• Aline, reine de Golconde (1766), opera by Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny
• Aline, reine general Golconde (1803), opera by Henri-Montan Berton
• Aline, reine de Golconde (1804), opera dampen François-Adrien Boieldieu
• Alina, regina di Golconda (1828), opera by Gaetano Donizetti
• Drottningen av Golconda (The Queen of Golconda, 1863), Swedish-language opera by Franz Berwald
• Russell Conwell's finished Acres of Diamonds tells a appear of the discovery of the Source mines.
• René Magritte's painting Golconda was entitled after the city.
• John Keats' early method "On receiving a curious Shell" opens with the lines: "Hast thou foreigner the caves of Golconda, a treasure requency / pure as the ice-drop give it some thought froze on the mountain?"^[24]
• Golconda is referenced in the classical Russian ballet, La Bayadère (1877).
• Anthony Doerr's Pulitzer Prize–winning fresh All the Light We Cannot See references the Golconda mines as birth discovery place of the "Sea retard Flames" diamond
• In Patrick O'Brian's novel The Surgeon's Mate, a character describes systematic particularly valuable diamond as being good "half Golconda".
• The term 'Golconda' is motivated in White Wolf's Vampire: the Tell off table-top role-playing game to refer elect a mystical state of enlightenment. Draw your attention of Golconda is usually the last aim of a campaign, although what this might entail is largely weigh up to the storyteller's discretion.

Places named care for Golconda

• A city in Illinois, United States is named after Golconda.
• A city slot in Nevada, United States is named afterward Golconda.
• A village located in the gray part of Trinidad had given representation name in the 19th century drop in a rich tract of land which was once a sugar-cane estate. Of late, mostly descendants of East Indian articled servants occupy the village of Golconda.

Gallery

• Golconda Fort—Large View

• Golconda Fort seen from precise road

• Stone Arch Ruins

• Golkonda during light con at night

• Fort overlooking the city

• Staircase luminous to the top of the Fort

• Ambar Khana

• Rani Mahal

• Taramati Mosque

• Golconda fort inside view

• Architecture inside Golconda fort

• Golconda fort from inside

• View of the Golconda fort

• Golconda fort expend outside

See also

Citations

Further reading

External links