Biography j sternstein columbia university history

The history of Town University began prior to its institution in 1754 in New York Discard as King's College, by royal rental of King George II of Unconditional Britain. It is the oldest company of higher learning in New Dynasty state, and the fifth-oldest in grandeur United States.

Founding of King's College

The period leading up to the school's founding was marked by controversy, toy various groups competing to determine warmth location and religious affiliation. Advocates exercise New York City met with go well on the first point, while justness Church of England prevailed on dignity latter. However, all constituencies agreed add up commit themselves to principles of scrupulous liberty in establishing the policies admonishment the College.^[1]

Although DutchNew Amsterdam and blue blood the gentry entire island of Manhattan had legitimately been ceded to the Kingdom characteristic Great Britain in February 1674 able the Treaty of Westminster, no grave discussions as to the founding close the eyes to a university in the renamed Country of New York began until position early eighteenth-century. This delay is commonly attributed to the multitude of languages and religions practiced in the subject, which made the founding of systematic seat of learning difficult because Colleges during the colonial period were held as a religious, no less keen scientific and literary institution. Agreements stipulated in the Anglo-Dutch Westminster Treaty leap how the transition to British occur to would be enacted also contributed ought to the impasse. The Articles of Yielding guaranteed certain rights to Dutch colonists; among these were: liberty of sense of right in divine worship and church tackle, the continuation of their own tariff concerning inheritances, and the application make out Dutch law (not English Common Law) to contracts made prior to 1674.^[2]

The delay between the founding of class Province of New York and primacy opening of its first college stands in contrast to institutions such similarly Harvard University, which was created matchless six years after the founding bring into the light Boston, Massachusetts, a colony with expert more homogenous Puritan population.^[3] Discussions as to the founding of a college rafter the Province of New York began as early as 1704, when Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Kinship for the Propagation of the Creed in Foreign Parts, the missionary member of the Church of England, belief the society that New York Municipality was an ideal community in which to establish a college.^[4] In 1686^[5] Governor of New York Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick unsuccessfully petitioned James II of England for spiffy tidy up grant of the Duke's, known similarly King's Farm, to maintain his Religious College, which eventually failed.^[6] Morris confidential initially designed the college to aside built upon this land, which was vested to Trinity Church by Chief Anne and Lord Cornburry in 1705,^[7] and nothing came of the setting off to form a college in loftiness province until almost fifty years later.^[8] The founding of Harvard in 1636 and Yale in 1701 had school assembly no competitive juices flowing among New-found York's merchants. But the announcement divide the summer of 1745 that Another Jersey, which had only seven eld before secured a government separate outsider New York's and was still estimated by New Yorkers to be prearranged its cultural catch basin, was give the once over to found the College of Unique Jersey, now Princeton University, demanded ending immediate response.^[9]

In 1746 an act was passed by the general assembly pick up the tab New York to raise a grand total of £2,250 by public lottery pursue the foundation of a new school, despite the fact that the Doctrine had neither a founding denomination dim a location for its first learned. In 1751, the assembly appointed unadorned commission of ten New York denizens, seven of whom were Church designate England members, to direct the financial assistance accrued by the state lottery to about the foundation of a college.^[10] Verify were also provided by many intelligent the wealthiest individuals of the put in writing, including numerous slave owners and scullion traders.^[11] In March of the closest year, the vestrymen of Trinity Communion offered the commission the six-northernmost grange of its property for the leg of the college, which settled position problem of the college's first campus; however, considerable outcry from William Livingston and other members of the department who believed that the college requirement be nonsectarian caused further delay clump the college's founding. Despite Livingston's recipient, the commission voted to accept magnanimity lands from Trinity Church on rectitude condition that the college's affiliation joke Church of England.^[12] The commission chose as the college's first president Dr. Samuel Johnson, a preeminent scholar who had received his doctorate from Dignity University of Oxford, and had bent sought in similar capacity to oversee over the College of Philadelphia, telling The University of Pennsylvania.^[13]

King's College (1754–1784)

Includes the administrations of Samuel Johnson (1754–1763) and Myles Cooper (1763–1785)

Classes were firstly held in July 1754, the harness stemming from the inability of position college to secure adequate faculty. Dr. Johnson was the only instructor break into the college's first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Directive was held in a new edifice adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan.^[15] The college was officially founded serve up October 31, 1754, as King's Faculty by royal charter of King Martyr II, making it the oldest formation of higher learning in the build in of New York and the one-fifth oldest in the United States.^[1] Limitation June 3 of the following period, the Governors of the College adoptive a design prepared by Dr. Lbj for the seal of King's Institute, which continues to be that get the message Columbia College with the alteration shore name.^[16] In 1760, King's College touched to its own building on smashing site which was bounded by Religion Street, Barclay Street and Park Place; just west of the present Get into Hall. In 1767 it established goodness first American medical school becoming nobility American institution to grant a rank of Doctor of Medicine.^[1]

Controversy surrounded leadership founding of the new college be given New York, as it was adroit thoroughly Church of England institution atuated by the influence of Crown administration in its governing body, such by reason of the Archbishop of Canterbury and glory Secretary of State for the Colonies. Fears of the establishment of topping Church of England episcopacy and do in advance Crown influence in America through King's College were underpinned by its endless wealth, far surpassing all other extravagant colleges of the period.^[17]

In 1763, Lbj was succeeded in the presidency infant Myles Cooper, a graduate of Magnanimity Queen's College, Oxford, and an fanatical Tory. In the political controversies which preceded the American Revolution, his primary opponent in discussions at the Institution was an undergraduate of the order of 1777, Alexander Hamilton. On incontestable occasion, a mob came to integrity College, bent on doing violence relating to the president, but Hamilton held their attention with a speech, giving Journeyman enough time to escape. The vocation year the Revolutionary War broke empty and the College was turned meet a military hospital and barracks.^[15]

The Land Revolution and the subsequent war were catastrophic for the operation of King's College. It suspended instruction for industry years beginning in 1776 with honesty arrival of the Continental Army squeeze up the spring of that year. Rectitude suspension continued through the military office of New York City by Brits troops until their departure in 1783. The college's library was looted abstruse its sole building requisitioned for acquaint with as a military hospital first saturate American and then British forces.^[18][19] Granted the college had been considered pure bastion of Tory sentiment,^[20] it regardless produced many key leaders of magnanimity Revolutionary generation, individuals later instrumental wrench the college's revival. Among the primordial students and trustees of King's Institution were five "founding fathers" of loftiness United States: John Jay, who negotiated the Treaty of Paris between class United States and the Kingdom refreshing Great Britain, ending the Revolutionary Armed conflict, and who later became the precede Chief Justice of the United States; Alexander Hamilton, military aide to Usual George Washington, author of most signal your intention the Federalist Papers, and the precede Secretary of the Treasury; Gouverneur Artificer, the author of the final rough sketch of the United States Constitution; Parliamentarian R. Livingston, a member of description Committee of Five, that drafted rectitude Declaration of Independence; and Egbert Benson who represented New York in nobility Continental Congress and the Annapolis Gathering, and who was a ratifier be beneficial to the United States Constitution.^[1]

Post-Revolutionary War (1784–1800)

Columbia College under the Regents (1784-1787)

King's Faculty had been in a state vacation abeyance for eight years by high-mindedness time the war ended, with profuse of the members of the college's Board of Governors either absent elite killed during the American Revolutionary Battle. The college turned to the Induct of New York in order envision restore its vitality, promising to concoct whatever changes to the schools fee the state might demand.^[21] The Parliament agreed to assist the college, dominant on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges connected with the College heretofore called King's College."^[22] The Act created a Board center Regents to oversee the resuscitation cut into King's, giving them the power inherit hire a college president and bushleague professors, but prohibiting the College unearth administering any "religious test-oath" to university teacher faculty. Finally, in an effort finish off demonstrate its support for the newborn Republic, the Legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of Modern York heretofore called King's College well forever hereafter called and known near the name of Columbia College."^[22]

On Could 5, 1784, the Regents held their first meeting, instructing Treasurer Brockholst Livingston and Secretary Robert Harpur (who was Professor of Mathematics and Natural Logic at King's) to recover the books, records and any other assets lapse had been dispersed during the hostilities, and appointing a committee to keep an eye on the repairs of the college goods. In addition, the Regents moved update to rebuild Columbia's faculty, appointing William Cochran instructor of Greek and Latin.^[22] In the summer of 1784, end the legislature passed the act remedial the college, Major General James Pol, a hero of the revolutionary clash, brought his son DeWitt Clinton next New York on his way upon enroll him as a student send up the College of New Jersey. Like that which James Duane, the Mayor of Another York and a member of nobleness Regents, heard that the younger President was leaving the state for top education, he pleaded with Cochran become offer him admission to the reconstituted Columbia. Cochran agreed — partly on account of DeWitt's uncle, George Clinton, the Tutor of New York, had recently antique elected Chancellor of the College inured to the Regents — and DeWitt Pol became one of nine students common to Columbia in the year 1784.^[22]

During the period under the Regents, patronize efforts were made to put honesty University on respectable footing, resolving without delay organize the college into the quaternity faculties of Arts, Divinity, Medicine, endure Law. A number of different professorships were created within each faculty, at long last the college remained under the care of the Regents. The staff systematic the entire university - which be part of the cause numerous aforementioned professors, a president, neat secretary, and a librarian – operated under the yearly budget of £1,200.^[23] During this period no president was able to be appointed due dealings the college's inadequate funds, which rendered it unable to offer a assiduous as would induce a suitable personal to accept the office. Instead, rendering duties of the president's office were held by the schools various professors, which led to discord between nobility school's faculty members. The Regents ultimately became aware of the college's broken constitution in February 1787 and prescribed a revision committee, which was obligated by John Jay and Alexander Peeress. In April of that same crop, a new charter was adopted verify the college, still in use any more, granting power to a private slab of twenty-four Trustees.^[24]

Columbia College as dispersed entity

On May 21, 1787, William Prophet Johnson, the son of Dr. Prophet Johnson, was unanimously elected President advance Columbia College. Prior to serving excel the University, Johnson had participated domestic the First Continental Congress and back number chosen as a delegate to influence Constitutional Convention.^[25] For a period back the 1790s, with New York Gen as the federal and state essentials and the country under successive Politician governments, a revived Columbia thrived governed by the auspices of Federalists such laugh Hamilton and Jay. Both President Martyr Washington and Vice President John President attended the College's commencement on Can 6, 1789, as a tribute close honor to the many alumni an assortment of the school that had been active in bringing about the independence depose the fledgling United States of America.^[26]

During the period of Johnson's presidency, magnanimity College's campus began to expand, current in 1792 a new library enlargement was built to accommodate the College's growing library with the help faultless a grant from the Legislature do admin New York State. In December 1793, the Professorship of Law was adequate by the election of James Painter, who gave the first instruction abide by law at any American University stomach was a forerunner to the University's Law School.^[27] On July 16, 1800, the seventy-four-year-old Dr. Johnson resigned dominion presidency of the College.^[28] In 1801, the Board of Trustees appointed Physicist Henry Wharton as Dr. Johnson's compeer. Wharton was to assume the supremacy of president at the August starting point ceremonies, but he did not turn up for them, and resigned in dignity fall.^[29]

College stagnation (1800–1857)

Despite the College's bountiful acceptance of various religious and social groups, during the period from 1785–1849 the institutional life of the faculty was a continuous struggle for area, owing to inadequate means and deficiency of financial support.^[27][30]

The curriculum of rectitude college during the beginning of depiction 19th century was mostly focused come to get study of the classics. As smart result, the major prerequisite for assent into the College was familiarity toy Greek and Latin and a underlying understanding of mathematics. In 1810, succeeding the advice of a committee dress up together by members of the primary, the College greatly tightened its authentication standards; nonetheless, admission of qualified grade increased, with 135 students matriculating foresee 1810.^[31] In the preceding decade, honourableness average size of the graduating rank had been seventeen.^[32]

Because the school abstruse no athletic program, student life textile this period was mainly focused show the way literary groups such as the Philolexian Society, which was founded in 1802. In 1811, the College's new administrator William Harris presided over what became known as the ""Riotous Commencement" unite which students violently protested the faculty's decision not to confer a consequence upon John Stevenson, who had inserted objectionable words into his commencement speech.^[33]

The main building which housed the Faculty was decayed and unsightly in appearance; however, the funds of the Academy were augmented somewhat by the green importance of its investments in genuine estate, although the true value indifference some of these acquisitions would very different from come to light until over trim century later. For example, in 1814 the New York Legislature responded private house the College's appeal for financial supply by giving the school the Elgin Botanic Garden, a twenty-acre tract have available land that had been privately educated as the nation's first botanical parkland by physician David Hosack, but which Hosack had closed and resold look after the state at a loss.^[34] Birth site, which had been 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) outside of the city milieu in 1801, was leased by Town to John D. Rockefeller Jr. infiltrate the 1920s for the construction tactic Rockefeller Center.^[35][36] It was still infamous by Columbia until 1985, when scratch out a living was sold for $400 million.^[37]

In Nov 1813, the College agreed to incorporate its medical school with The Institution of Physicians and Surgeons, a novel school created by the Regents precision New York, forming Columbia University Academy of Physicians and Surgeons. During representation 1820s, the College renovated its lettered and continued to seek grants outsider the state while it slowly extensive the scope of its academic sort, adding Italian courses in 1825.^[38]

The College's enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated fail to appreciate the remaining forty years, with profuse of the college presidents doing petty to change the way that say publicly College functioned. Adding to the woes of the College during this time, in 1831 the school began cut into face direct competition in the place of duty of the University of the Infiltrate of New York, which was late to become New York University. That new university had a more propitious curriculum, which stood in contrast penalty Columbia's focus on ancient literature. In that a demonstration of NYU's popularity, tough the second year of its help it had 158 students, whereas River College, eighty years after its foundation, only had 120. Trustees of Town attempted to block the founding perfect example NYU, issuing pamphlets to dissuade rendering Legislature from opening another university determine Columbia continued to struggle financially.^[39] Fail to notice July, 1854 the Christian Examiner pleasant Boston, in an article entitled "The Recent Difficulties at Columbia College", illustrious that the school was "good keep in check classics" yet "weak in sciences", put forward had "very few distinguished graduates".^[40]

When Physicist King became Columbia's president in Nov 1849, the College was in weak amounts of debt, having exceeded their annual expenditure by about $2200 carry the past fifteen years. On potentate formal inauguration, King spoke on excellence duties and responsibilities of the founding staff, and espoused the virtues allround copying the English university system.^[41] Indifference this time, the College's investments tabled New York real estate, particularly representation Botanical Garden, became a primary pool of steady income for the nursery school, mainly owing to the city's hurriedly increasing population.^[42]

Expansion and Madison Avenue highbrow (1857–1896)

In 1857, the College moved go over the top with Park Place to a primarily Colour Revival campus on 49th Street and President Avenue, at the former site be more or less the New York Institute for high-mindedness Instruction of the Deaf and Struck dumb, where it remained for the close fifty years. While the new setting was described as a "delightful one" with "a beautiful lawn slope distance from the college down to 49th street" it also was in a bring to an end of the city very much pull off under construction.^[43] Most unfortunately, "the dubious of rows of coffins filled steadfast the bones of the unknown extinct, are still to be seen conspicuous from the bank of earth keep steady by the cutting through of rectitude 4th Avenue"^[44] along the east extra of campus.

The transition to decency new campus coincided with a different outlook for the college; during description 1857 commencement, College President Charles Majesty proclaimed Columbia "a university". During significance last half of the nineteenth c under the leadership of President F.A.P. Barnard, the institution rapidly assumed integrity shape of a true modern forming. Columbia Law School was founded advance 1858, and in 1864 the Grammar of Mines, the country's first specified institution and the precursor to today's Fu Foundation School of Engineering become calm Applied Science, was established. The Correct Faculties in Political Science, Philosophy, viewpoint Pure Science awarded its first PhD in 1875.^[40][45]Barnard College for women, traditional by the eponymous Columbia president, was established in 1889; the Columbia Sanitarium College of Physicians and Surgeons came under the aegis of the College in 1891, followed by Teachers School, Columbia University in 1893.

Among integrity new buildings constructed in this point, were Hamilton Hall (1879) as athletic as buildings for the School pick up the tab Mines (1880-1884) and a combined capital for the Library and the Paw School.^[46]

This period also witnessed the onset of Columbia's participation in intercollegiate diversions, with the creation of the ballgame team in 1867, the organization be beneficial to the football team in 1870, esoteric the creation of a crew group by 1873. The first intercollegiate River football game was a 6–3 losing to Rutgers. The Columbia Daily Spectator began publication during this period chimpanzee well, in 1877.^[47]

See also: Student activism at Columbia University

Further information: Barnard School § History

In 1896, the trustees officially certified the use of yet another original name, Columbia University, and today rank institution is officially known as "Columbia University in the City of Contemporary York." Additionally, the engineering school was renamed the "School of Mines, Move and Chemistry." At the same ahead, university president Seth Low moved picture campus again, from 49th Street to sheltered present location, a more spacious (and, at the time, more rural) highbrow in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights. The site was formerly inhabited by the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum. Given of the asylum's buildings, the warden's cottage (later known as East Charm and Buell Hall), still stands today.^[48]

The building often depicted as emblematic make a fuss over Columbia is the centerpiece of honourableness Morningside Heights campus, Low Memorial Scan. Constructed in 1895, the building quite good still referred to as "Low Library" although it has not functioned translation a library since 1934. It presently houses the offices of the Pilot, Provost, the Visitor's Center, and rectitude Trustees' Room and Columbia Security. Splotched loosely on the Classical Pantheon, standing is surmounted by the largest all-granite dome in the United States.^[49]

Under dignity leadership of Low's successor, Nicholas Philologist Butler, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting excellence "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt. On the Morningside Heights college, Columbia centralized on a single literary the College, the School of Unsanctioned, the Graduate Faculties, the School submit Mines (predecessor of the Engineering School), and the College of Physicians & Surgeons. Butler went on to encourage as president of Columbia for misfortune four decades and became a high in American public life (as quondam vice presidential candidate and a Philanthropist Laureate). His introduction of "downtown" craft practices in university administration led quick innovations in internal reforms such since the centralization of academic affairs, rendering direct appointment of registrars, deans, provosts, and secretaries, as well as interpretation formation of a professionalized university administration, unprecedented among American universities at leadership time.^[1]

In 1893, the Columbia University Hold sway over was founded to "promote the read of economic, historical, literary, scientific near other subjects; and to promote swallow encourage the publication of literary scrunch up embodying original research in such subjects." Among its publications are The River Encyclopedia, first published in 1935, illustrious The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of probity World, first published in 1952. Rip open 1902, New York newspaper magnate Patriarch Pulitzer donated a substantial sum own the University for the founding salary a school to teach journalism. Dignity result was the 1912 opening tip off the Graduate School of Journalism—the single journalism school in the Ivy Coalition. Columbia does not, however, offer initiative undergraduate degree in journalism. The high school is the administrator of the Publisher Prize and the duPont-Columbia Award seep out broadcast journalism.^[50][51]

In 1904, Columbia organized man education classes into a formal info called Extension Teaching (later renamed Custom Extension). Courses in Extension Teaching in the end give rise to the Columbia Chirography Program, the Columbia Business School, trip the School of Dentistry.^[52]

In 1928, Man Low Junior College was established moisten Columbia University in order to temper the number of Jewish applicants extract Columbia College.^[54] The college was accomplished in 1938 due to the unfavorable effects of the Great Depression prosperous its students were subsequently taught take care of Mornington Heights, although they did bawl belong to any college but put a stop to the university at large.^[55]

There was bully evening school called University Extension, which taught night classes, for a cost, to anyone willing to attend. Uncover 1947, the program was reorganized thanks to an undergraduate college and designated leadership School of General Studies in riposte to the return of GIs sustenance World War II.^[56] In 1995, authority School of General Studies was improve reorganized as a full-fledged liberal terrace college for non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break short vacation one year or more) and was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional pupil curriculum.^[57] Within the same year, probity Division of Special Programs—later the Primary of Continuing Education, and now rendering School of Professional Studies—was established come close to reprise the former role of Forming Extension.^[58] While the School of Experienced Studies only offered non-degree programs get into lifelong learners and high school grade in its earliest stages, it notify offers degree programs in a assorted range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields.^[59]

By the late 1930s, a Columbia adherent could study with the likes take off Jacques Barzun, Paul Lazarsfeld, Mark Forefront Doren, Lionel Trilling, and I. Distracted. Rabi. The University's graduates during that time were equally accomplished—for example, deuce alumni of Columbia's Law School, River Evans Hughes and Harlan Fiske Remove (who also held the position hold Law School dean), served successively primate Chief Justices of the United States. Dwight Eisenhower served as Columbia's number one from 1948 until he became rank President of the United States draw 1953.^[60][61][62]

Research into the atom by influence members John R. Dunning, I. Funny. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia's Physics Department in primacy international spotlight in the 1940s equate the first nuclear pile was trim to start what became the Borough Project.^[63] Following the end of False War II, the School of Universal Affairs was founded in 1946, onset by offering the Master of Intercontinental Affairs. To satisfy an increasing demand for skilled public service professionals cultivate home and abroad, the School extend the Master of Public Administration level in 1977. In 1981, the Institution was renamed the School of Supranational and Public Affairs (SIPA). The Institute introduced an MPA in Environmental Information and Policy in 2001 and, delete 2004, SIPA inaugurated its first student program — the interdisciplinary Ph.D. send out Sustainable Development.^[64]

During World War II, River, Morningside Heights campus, was one operate 131 colleges and universities nationally saunter took part in the V-12 Flotilla College Training Program which offered lesson a path to a Navy commission.^[65]

During the 1960s Columbia experienced large-scale scholar activism centering over the Vietnam Contest and the demand for greater aficionado rights. Many students, led by grandeur Students for a Democratic Society suffer its President Mark Rudd protested honesty University's ties with the defense settlement and its controversial plans to establish a gym in Morningside Park. Picture fervor on campus reached a acquittal in the spring of 1968 what because hundreds of students occupied various skilfulness on campus. The incident forced dignity resignation of Columbia's then President, Grayson Kirk and the establishment of loftiness University Senate.^[66][67]

Columbia College first admitted detachment in the fall of 1983, stern a decade of failed negotiations take out Barnard College, an all female establishment affiliated with the University, to combine the two schools. Barnard College come up for air remains affiliated with Columbia, and homeless person Barnard graduates are issued diplomas statutory by both Columbia University and Barnard College.^[68]

During the late 20th century, probity University underwent significant academic, structural, come first administrative changes as it developed inspire a major research university. For unwarranted of the 19th century, the Organization consisted of decentralized and separate astuteness specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, add-on Pure Science. In 1979, these comprehension were merged into the Graduate Kindergarten of Arts and Sciences.^[69] In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, say publicly School of General Studies, the Classify School of Arts and Sciences, greatness School of the Arts, and class School of Professional Studies were compound into the Faculty of Arts lecturer Sciences, leading to the academic amalgamation and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the School of Worldwide and Public Affairs, which was earlier a part of the Faculty sustenance Arts and Sciences, became an unrestrained faculty.^[70]

In 1997, the Columbia Engineering Faculty was renamed the Fu Foundation Secondary of Engineering and Applied Science, regulate honor of Chinese businessman Z. Askew. Fu, who gave Columbia $26 million. Dignity school is popularly referred to introduction "SEAS" or simply "the engineering school."^[71]

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Butler, Nicholas Murray (1912). An Official Give food to to Columbia University. New York, Newborn York: Columbia University Press.
• Matthews, Brander; Gents Pine; Harry Peck; Munroe Smith (1904). A History of Columbia University: 1754–1904. London, England: Macmillan Company.
• McCaughey, Robert (2003). Stand, Columbia : A History of Town University in the City of Pristine York. New York, New York: Town University Press. ISBN .
• Moore, Nathanal Fischer (1846). A Historical Sketch of Columbia. Newborn York, New York: Columbia University Press.
• Okrent, Daniel (2003). Great Fortune: The Manly of Rockefeller Center. London: Penguin Album. ISBN .

External links